Publications

Abstract

Large metabolic models, including genome-scale metabolic models, are nowadays common in systems biology, biotechnology and pharmacology. They typically contain thousands of metabolites and reactions and therefore methods for their automatic visualization and interactive exploration can facilitate a better understanding of these models.We developed a novel method for the visual exploration of large metabolic models and implemented it in LMME (Large Metabolic Model Explorer), an add-on for the biological network analysis tool VANTED. The underlying idea of our method is to analyze a large model as follows. Starting from a decomposition into several subsystems, relationships between these subsystems are identified and an overview is computed and visualized. From this overview, detailed subviews may be constructed and visualized in order to explore subsystems and relationships in greater detail. Decompositions may either be predefined or computed, using built-in or self-implemented methods. Realized as add-on for VANTED, LMME is embedded in a domain-specific environment, allowing for further related analysis at any stage during the exploration. We describe the method, provide a use case and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of different decomposition methods.The methods and algorithms presented here are implemented in LMME, an open-source add-on for VANTED. LMME can be downloaded from www.cls.uni-konstanz.de/software/lmme and VANTED can be downloaded from www.vanted.org. The source code of LMME is available from GitHub, at https://github.com/LSI-UniKonstanz/lmme.

Abstract

In interactive visual data exploration, users rely on recommendations on what data to explore next. EVLIN is a system that recommends queries to retrieve these data for the next exploration step, paired with suited visualizations. This paper extends EVLIN by combining its content-based recommendations with recommendations leveraging collaborative filtering to improve the effectiveness of recommendation-based visual data exploration. The recommendations rely on evolution provenance, which tracks users’ interactions during interactive visual data exploration. As more users explore a dataset, the evolution provenance of individual user explorations is incrementally integrated into a multi-user graph, for which we present match and merge algorithms. To compute collaborative-filtering recommendations, we present a search algorithm and optimizations to efficiently search queries similar to a current user’s query in the multi-user graph and give preference to queries that have been previously explored in an exploration step succeeding those similar queries. Our experimental evaluation studies the efficiency and effectiveness of the solutions proposed in this paper and demonstrates that using the full system with both content-based and collaborative-filtering recommendations enabled allows for effective interactive visual data exploration.

Abstract

Class separation is an important concept in machine learning and visual analytics. We address the visual analysis of class separation measures for both high-dimensional data and its corresponding projections into 2D through dimensionality reduction (DR) methods. Although a plethora of separation measures have been proposed, it is difficult to compare class separation between multiple datasets with different characteristics, multiple separation measures, and multiple DR methods. We present ProSeCo, an interactive visualization approach to support comparison between up to 20 class separation measures and up to 4 DR methods, with respect to any of 7 dataset characteristics: dataset size, dataset dimensions, class counts, class size variability, class size skewness, outlieriness, and real-world vs. synthetically generated data. ProSeCo supports (1) comparing across measures, (2) comparing high-dimensional to dimensionally-reduced 2D data across measures, (3) comparing between different DR methods across measures, (4) partitioning with respect to a dataset characteristic, (5) comparing partitions for a selected characteristic across measures, and (6) inspecting individual datasets in detail. We demonstrate the utility of ProSeCo in two usage scenarios, using datasets 1 posted at https://osf.io/epcf9/.

Abstract

We propose a visualization method to understand the effect of multidimensional projection on local subspaces, using implicit function differentiation. Here, we understand the local subspace as the multidimensional local neighborhood of data points. Existing methods focus on the projection of multidimensional data points, and the neighborhood information is ignored. Our method is able to analyze the shape and directional information of the local subspace to gain more insights into the global structure of the data through the perception of local structures. Local subspaces are fitted by multidimensional ellipses that are spanned by basis vectors. An accurate and efficient vector transformation method is proposed based on analytical differentiation of multidimensional projections formulated as implicit functions. The results are visualized as glyphs and analyzed using a full set of specifically-designed interactions supported in our efficient web-based visualization tool. The usefulness of our method is demonstrated using various multi- and high-dimensional benchmark datasets. Our implicit differentiation vector transformation is evaluated through numerical comparisons; the overall method is evaluated through exploration examples and use cases.

Abstract

The occurrence of V1 declaratives in Icelandic has attracted much attention in the generative literature (e.g. Sigurðsson 1990, Franco 2008), and such structures are known to be more frequent in earlier stages compared to the modern language. In this paper, we provide an account for the diachrony of V1 and V2 in Icelandic where the decreasing frequency of V1 is argued to be related to an ongoing change concerning the preferred structural position for subject topics. Our claims are supported by corpus evidence from IcePaHC (Wallenberg, Ingason, Sigurðsson & Rögnvaldsson 2011) and the formal analysis is conducted within Lexical Functional Grammar, which allows us to neatly capture the changing associations between clause structure and information structure. As we show, this overall change can also be linked to wider diachronic developments in Icelandic involving Stylistic Fronting and expletives.

Abstract

In this paper, we propose SineStream, a new variant of streamgraphs that improves their readability by minimizing sine illusion effects. Such effects reflect the tendency of humans to take the orthogonal rather than the vertical distance between two curves as their distance. In SineStream, we connect the readability of streamgraphs with minimizing sine illusions and by doing so provide a perceptual foundation for their design. As the geometry of a streamgraph is controlled by its baseline (the bottom-most curve) and the ordering of the layers, we re-interpret baseline computation and layer ordering algorithms in terms of reducing sine illusion effects. For baseline computation, we improve previous methods by introducing a Gaussian weight to penalize layers with large thickness changes. For layer ordering, three design requirements are proposed and implemented through a hierarchical clustering algorithm. Quantitative experiments and user studies demonstrate that SineStream improves the readability and aesthetics of streamgraphs compared to state-of-the-art methods.

Abstract

While graph drawing focuses more on the aesthetic representation of node-link diagrams, graph visualization takes into account other visual metaphors making them useful for graph exploration tasks in information visualization and visual analytics. Although there are aesthetic graph drawing criteria that describe how a graph should be presented to make it faster and more reliably explorable, many controlled and uncontrolled empirical user studies flourished over the past years. The goal of them is to uncover how well the human user performs graph-specific tasks, in many cases compared to previously designed graph visualizations. Due to the fact that many parameters in a graph dataset as well as the visual representation of them might be varied and many user studies have been conducted in this space, a state-of-the-art survey is needed to understand evaluation results and findings to inform the future design, research, and application of graph visualizations. In this article, we classify the present literature on the topmost level into graph interpretation, graph memorability, and graph creation where the users with their tasks stand in focus of the evaluation, not the computational aspects. As another outcome of this work, we identify the white spots in this field and sketch ideas for future research directions.

Abstract

Image-guided drawing can compensate for the lack of skills but often requires a significant number of repetitive strokes to create textures. Existing automatic stroke synthesis methods are usually limited to predefined styles or require indirect manipulation that may break the spontaneous flow of drawing. We present a method to autocomplete repetitive short strokes during users’ normal drawing process. Users can draw over a reference image as usual. At the same time, our system silently analyzes the input strokes and the reference to infer strokes that follow users’ input style when certain repetition is detected. Our key idea is to jointly analyze image regions and operation history for detecting and predicting repetitions. The proposed system can reduce tedious repetitive inputs while being fully under user control.

Abstract

Dimensionality Reduction (DR) is a popular technique that is often used in Machine Learning and Visualization communities to analyze high-dimensional data. The approach is empirically proven to be powerful for uncovering previously unseen structures in the data. While observing the results of the intermediate optimization steps of DR algorithms, we coincidently discovered the artistic beauty of the DR process. With enthusiasm for the beauty, we decided to look at DR from a generative art lens rather than their technical application aspects and use DR techniques to create artwork. Particularly, we use the optimization process to generate images, by drawing each intermediate step of the optimization process with some opacity over the previous intermediate result. As another alternative input, we used a neural-network model for face-landmark detection, to apply DR to portraits, while maintaining some facial properties, resulting in abstracted facial avatars. In this work, we provide such a collection of such artwork.

Abstract

A common enhancement of scatterplots represents points as small multiples, glyphs, or thumbnail images. As this encoding often results in overlaps, a general strategy is to alter the position of the data points, for instance, to a grid-like structure. Previous approaches rely on solving expensive optimization problems or on dividing the space that alter the global structure of the scatterplot. To find a good balance between efficiency and neighborhood and layout preservation, we propose Hagrid, a technique that uses space-filling curves (SFCs) to “gridify” a scatterplot without employing expensive collision detection and handling mechanisms. Using SFCs ensures that the points are plotted close to their original position, retaining approximately the same global structure. The resulting scatterplot is mapped onto a rectangular or hexagonal grid, using Hilbert and Gosper curves. We discuss and evaluate the theoretic runtime of our approach and quantitatively compare our approach to three state-of-the-art gridifying approaches, DGrid, Small multiples with gaps SMWG, and CorrelatedMultiples CMDS, in an evaluation comprising 339 scatterplots. Here, we compute several quality measures for neighborhood preservation together with an analysis of the actual runtimes. The main results show that, compared to the best other technique, Hagrid is faster by a factor of four, while achieving similar or even better quality of the gridified layout. Due to its computational efficiency, our approach also allows novel applications of gridifying approaches in interactive settings, such as removing local overlap upon hovering over a scatterplot.

Abstract

Video quality assessment (VQA) methods focus on particular degradation types, usually artificially induced on a small set of reference videos. Hence, most traditional VQA methods under-perform in-the-wild. Deep learning approaches have had limited success due to the small size and diversity of existing VQA datasets, either artificial or authentically distorted. We introduce a new in-the-wild VQA dataset that is substantially larger and diverse: KonVid-150k. It consists of a coarsely annotated set of 153,841 videos having five quality ratings each, and 1,596 videos with a minimum of 89 ratings each. Additionally, we propose new efficient VQA approaches (MLSP-VQA) relying on multi-level spatially pooled deep-features (MLSP). They are exceptionally well suited for training at scale, compared to deep transfer learning approaches. Our best method, MLSP-VQA-FF, improves the Spearman rank-order correlation coefficient (SRCC) performance metric on the commonly used KoNViD-1k in-the-wild benchmark dataset to 0.82. It surpasses the best existing deep-learning model (0.80 SRCC) and hand-crafted feature-based method (0.78 SRCC). We further investigate how alternative approaches perform under different levels of label noise, and dataset size, showing that MLSP-VQA-FF is the overall best method for videos in-the-wild. Finally, we show that the MLSP-VQA models trained on KonVid-150k sets the new state-of-the-art for cross-test performance on KoNViD-1k and LIVE-Qualcomm with a 0.83 and 0.64 SRCC, respectively. For KoNViD-1k this inter-dataset testing outperforms intra-dataset experiments, showing excellent generalization.

Abstract

Hybrid user interfaces combine cross-reality devices (e. g., head-mounted display) with other heterogeneous device technologies (e. g., smartphone) to compensate for the disadvantages of one device with the advantages of the other, such as addressing the lack of haptic feedback in mid-air interaction with touchscreen input. Such hybrid user interfaces typically involve the synchronous use of multiple input and output technologies. In this work, we instead consider the asynchronous use of heterogeneous devices (e. g., using a desktop and virtual reality device in sequence). While the sequential use of different technologies does not necessarily offset the individual device-specific disadvantages, it allows users to choose the more appropriate device for a particular sub-task. In this context, transitional interfaces play an essential role in enabling the switch between devices, while allowing the user to maintain a mental connection between realities and seamlessly continue with their task where they left off.

Abstract

Recent research in the area of immersive analytics demonstrated the utility of head-mounted augmented reality devices for visual data analysis. However, it can be challenging to use the by default supported mid-air gestures to interact with visualizations in augmented reality (e.g. due to limited precision). Touch-based interaction (e.g. via mobile devices) can compensate for these drawbacks, but is limited to two-dimensional input. In this work we present STREAM: Spatially-aware Tablets combined with Augmented Reality Head-Mounted Displays for the multimodal interaction with 3D visualizations. We developed a novel eyes-free interaction concept for the seamless transition between the tablet and the augmented reality environment. A user study reveals that participants appreciated the novel interaction concept, indicating the potential for spatially-aware tablets in augmented reality. Based on our findings, we provide design insights to foster the application of spatially-aware touch devices in augmented reality and research implications indicating areas that need further investigation.

Abstract

The human microbiome is largely shaped by the chemical interactions of its microbial members, which includes cross-talk via shared signals or quenching of the signalling of other species. Quorum sensing is a process that allows microbes to coordinate their behaviour in dependence of their population density and to adjust gene expression accordingly. We present the Quorum Sensing Database (QSDB), a comprehensive database of all published sensing and quenching relations between organisms and signalling molecules of the human microbiome, as well as an interactive web interface that allows browsing the database, provides graphical depictions of sensing mechanisms as Systems Biology Graphical Notation diagrams and links to other databases.Database URL: QSDB (Quorum Sensing DataBase) is freely available via an interactive web interface and as a downloadable csv file at http://qsdb.org.

Abstract

The recent availability of affordable and lightweight tracking sensors allows researchers to collect large and complex movement data sets. To explore and analyse these data, applications are required that are capable of handling the data while providing an environment that enables the analyst(s) to focus on the task of investigating the movement in the context of the geographic environment it occurred in. We present an extensible, open-source framework for collaborative analysis of geospatial–temporal movement data with a use case in collective behaviour analysis. The framework TEAMwISE supports the concurrent usage of several program instances, allowing to have different perspectives on the same data in collocated or remote set-ups. The implementation can be deployed in a variety of immersive environments, for example, on a tiled display wall and mobile VR devices.

Abstract

Current tracking technology such as GPS data loggers allows biologists to remotely collect large amounts of movement data for a large variety of species. Extending, and often replacing interpretation based on observation, the analysis of the collected data supports research on animal behaviour, on impact factors such as climate change and human intervention on the globe, as well as on conservation programs. However, this analysis is difficult, due to the nature of the research questions and the complexity of the data sets. It requires both automated analysis, for example, for the detection of behavioural patterns, and human inspection, for example, for interpretation, inclusion of previous knowledge, and for conclusions on future actions and decision making. For this analysis and inspection, the movement data needs to be put into the context of environmental data, which helps to interpret the behaviour. Thus, a major challenge is to design and develop methods and intuitive interfaces that integrate the data for analysis by biologists. We present a concept and implementation for the visual analysis of cheetah movement data in a web-based fashion that allows usage both in the field and in office environments.

Abstract

In recent years, research on immersive environments has experienced a new wave of interest, and immersive analytics has been established as a new research field. Every year, a vast amount of different techniques, applications, and user studies are published that focus on employing immersive environments for visualizing and analyzing data. Nevertheless, immersive analytics is still a relatively unexplored field that needs more basic research in many aspects and is still viewed with skepticism. Rightly so, because in our opinion, many researchers do not fully exploit the possibilities offered by immersive environments and, on the contrary, sometimes even overestimate the power of immersive visualizations. Although a growing body of papers has demonstrated individual advantages of immersive analytics for specific tasks and problems, the general benefit of using immersive environments for effective analytic tasks remains controversial. In this article, we reflect on when and how immersion may be appropriate for the analysis and present four guiding scenarios. We report on our experiences, discuss the landscape of assessment strategies, and point out the directions where we believe immersive visualizations have the greatest potential.

Abstract

Abstract In recent years guider-follower approaches show a promising solution to the challenging problem of last-mile or indoor pedestrian navigation without micro-maps or indoor floor plans for path planning. However, the success of such guider-follower approaches is highly dependent on a set of manually and carefully chosen image or video checkpoints. This selection process is tedious and error-prone. To address this issue, we first conduct a pilot study to understand how users as guiders select critical checkpoints from a video recorded while walking along a route, leading to a set of criteria for automatic checkpoint selection. By using these criteria, including visibility, stairs and clearness, we then implement this automation process. The key behind our technique is a lightweight, effective algorithm using left-hand-side and right-hand-side objects for path occlusion detection, which benefits both automatic checkpoint selection and occlusion-aware path annotation on selected image checkpoints. Our experimental results show that our automatic checkpoint selection method works well in different navigation scenarios. The quality of automatically selected checkpoints is comparable to that of manually selected ones and higher than that of checkpoints by alternative automatic methods.

Abstract

Recent advances in the automated detection of motorcycle riders’ helmet use have enabled road safety actors to process large scale video data efficiently and with high accuracy. To distinguish drivers from passengers in helmet use, the most straightforward way is to train a multi-class classifier, where each class corresponds to a specific combination of rider position and individual riders’ helmet use. However, such strategy results in long-tailed data distribution, with critically low class samples for a number of uncommon classes. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to address this limitation. Let n be the maximum number of riders a motorcycle can hold, we encode the helmet use on a motorcycle as a vector with 2n bits, where the first n bits denote if the encoded positions have riders, and the latter n bits denote if the rider in the corresponding position wears a helmet. With the novel helmet use positional encoding, we propose a deep learning model that stands on existing image classification architecture. The model simultaneously trains 2n binary classifiers, which allows more balanced samples for training. This method is simple to implement and requires no hyperparameter tuning. Experimental results demonstrate our approach outperforms the state-of-the-art approaches by 1.9% accuracy.

Abstract

We present an integrated approach for creating and assigning color palettes to different visualizations such as multi-class scatterplots, line, and bar charts. While other methods separate the creation of colors from their assignment, our approach takes data characteristics into account to produce color palettes, which are then assigned in a way that fosters better visual discrimination of classes. To do so, we use a customized optimization based on simulated annealing to maximize the combination of three carefully designed color scoring functions: point distinctness, name difference, and color discrimination. We compare our approach to state-of-the-art palettes with a controlled user study for scatterplots and line charts, furthermore we performed a case study. Our results show that Palettailor, as a fully-automated approach, generates color palettes with a higher discrimination quality than existing approaches. The efficiency of our optimization allows us also to incorporate user modifications into the color selection process.

Abstract

Approaches based on order-adaptive regularisation belong to the most accurate variational methods for computing the optical flow. By locally deciding between first- and second-order regularisation, they are applicable to scenes with both fronto-parallel and ego-motion. So far, however, existing order-adaptive methods have a decisive drawback. While the involved first- and second-order smoothness terms already make use of anisotropic concepts, the underlying selection process itself is still isotropic in that sense that it locally chooses the same regularisation order for all directions. In our paper, we address this shortcoming. We propose a generalised order-adaptive approach that allows to select the local regularisation order for each direction individually. To this end, we split the order-adaptive regularisation across and along the locally dominant direction and perform an energy competition for each direction separately. This in turn offers another advantage. Since the parameters can be chosen differently for both directions, the approach allows for a better adaption to the underlying scene. Experiments for MPI Sintel and KITTI 2015 demonstrate the usefulness of our approach. They not only show improvements compared to an isotropic selection scheme. They also make explicit that our approach is able to improve the results from state-of-the-art learning-based approaches, if applied as a final refinement step – thereby achieving top results in both benchmarks.

Abstract

In subjective full-reference image quality assessment, a reference image is distorted at increasing distortion levels. The differences between perceptual image qualities of the reference image and its distorted versions are evaluated, often using degradation category ratings (DCR). However, the DCR has been criticized since differences between rating categories on this ordinal scale might not be perceptually equidistant, and observers may have different understandings of the categories. Pair comparisons (PC) of distorted images, followed by Thurstonian reconstruction of scale values, overcomes these problems. In addition, PC is more sensitive than DCR, and it can provide scale values in fractional, just noticeable difference (JND) units that express a precise perceptional interpretation. Still, the comparison of images of nearly the same quality can be difficult. We introduce boosting techniques embedded in more general triplet comparisons (TC) that increase the sensitivity even more. Boosting amplifies the artefacts of distorted images, enlarges their visual representation by zooming, increases the visibility of the distortions by a flickering effect, or combines some of the above. Experimental results show the effectiveness of boosted TC for seven types of distortion (color diffusion, jitter, high sharpen, JPEG 2000 compression, lens blur, motion blur, multiplicative noise). For our study, we crowdsourced over 1.7 million responses to triplet questions. We give a detailed analysis of the data in terms of scale reconstructions, accuracy, detection rates, and sensitivity gain. Generally, boosting increases the discriminatory power and allows to reduce the number of subjective ratings without sacrificing the accuracy of the resulting relative image quality values. Our technique paves the way to fine-grained image quality datasets, allowing for more distortion levels, yet with high-quality subjective annotations. We also provide the details for Thurstonian scale reconstruction from TC and our annotated dataset, KonFiG-IQA , containing 10 source images, processed using 7 distortion types at 12 or even 30 levels, uniformly spaced over a span of 3 JND units.

Abstract

A plethora of dimensionality reduction techniques have emerged over the past decades, leaving researchers and analysts with a wide variety of choices for reducing their data, all the more so given some techniques come with additional parametrization (e.g. t-SNE, UMAP, etc.). Recent studies are showing that people often use dimensionality reduction as a black-box regardless of the specific properties the method itself preserves. Hence, evaluating and comparing 2D projections is usually qualitatively decided, by setting projections side-by-side and letting human judgment decide which projection is the best. In this work, we propose a quantitative way of evaluating projections, that nonetheless places human perception at the center. We run a comparative study, where we ask people to select 'good' and 'misleading' views between scatterplots of low-level projections of image datasets, simulating the way people usually select projections. We use the study data as labels for a set of quality metrics whose purpose is to discover and quantify what exactly people are looking for when deciding between projections. With this proxy for human judgments, we use it to rank projections on new datasets, explain why they are relevant, and quantify the degree of subjectivity in projections selected.

Abstract

The logos of metal bands can be by turns gaudy, uncouth, or nearly illegible. Yet, these logos work: they communicate sophisticated notions of genre and emotional affect. In this paper we use the design considerations of metal logos to explore the space of "illegible semantics": the ways that text can communicate information at the cost of readability, which is not always the most important objective. In this work, drawing on formative visualization theory, professional design expertise, and empirical assessments of a corpus of metal band logos, we describe a design space of metal logos and present a tool through which logo characteristics can be explored through visualization. We investigate ways in which logo designers imbue their text with meaning and consider opportunities and implications for visualization more widely.

Abstract

We propose to use a quality estimator and evolutionary methods to search the latent space of generative adversarial networks trained on small, difficult datasets, or both. The new method leads to the generation of significantly higher quality images while preserving the original generator’s diversity. Human raters preferred an image from the new version with frequency 83.7% for Cats, 74% for FashionGen, 70.4% for Horses, and 69.2% for Artworks - minor improvements for the already excellent GANs for faces. This approach applies to any quality scorer and GAN generator.

Abstract

Super-resolution aims at increasing the resolution and level of detail within an image. The current state of the art in general single-image super-resolution is held by NESRGAN+, which injects a Gaussian noise after each residual layer at training time. In this paper, we harness evolutionary methods to improve NESRGAN+ by optimizing the noise injection at inference time. More precisely, we use Diagonal CMA to optimize the injected noise according to a novel criterion combining quality assessment and realism. Our results are validated by the PIRM perceptual score and a human study. Our method outperforms NESRGAN+ on several standard super-resolution datasets. More generally, our approach can be used to optimize any method based on noise injection.

Abstract

We introduce inverted stippling, a method to mimic an inversion technique used by artists when performing stippling. To this end, we extend Linde-Buzo-Gray (LBG) stippling to multi-class LBG (MLBG) stippling with multiple layers. MLBG stippling couples the layers stochastically to optimize for per-layer and overall blue-noise properties. We propose a stipple-based filling method to generate solid color backgrounds for inverting areas. Our experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of MLBG in terms of reducing overlapping and intensity accuracy. In addition, we showcase MLBG with color stippling and dynamic multi-class blue-noise sampling, which is possible due to its support for temporal coherence.

Abstract

Although image quality assessment (IQA) in-the-wild has been researched in computer vision, it is still challenging to precisely estimate perceptual image quality in the presence of real-world complex and composite distortions. In order to improve machine learning solutions for IQA, we consider side information denoting the presence of distortions besides the basic quality ratings in IQA datasets. Specifically, we extend one of the largest in-the-wild IQA databases, KonIQ-10k, to KonIQ++, by collecting distortion annotations for each image, aiming to improve quality prediction together with distortion identification. We further explore the interactions between image quality and distortion by proposing a novel IQA model, which jointly predicts image quality and distortion by recurrently refining task-specific features in a multi-stage fusion framework. Our dataset KonIQ++, along with the model, boosts IQA performance and generalization ability, demonstrating its potential for solving the challenging authentic IQA task. The proposed model can also accurately predict distinct image defects, suggesting its application in image processing tasks such as image colorization and deblurring.

Abstract

Mobile intervention studies employ mobile devices to observe participants’ behavior change over several weeks. Researchers regularly monitor high-dimensional data streams to ensure data quality and prevent data loss (e.g., missing engagement or malfunctions). The multitude of problem sources hampers possible automated detection of such irregularities – providing a use case for interactive dashboards. With the advent of untethered head-mounted AR devices, these dashboards can be placed anywhere in the user's physical environment, leveraging the available space and allowing for flexible information arrangement and natural navigation. In this work, we present the user-centered design and the evaluation of IDIAR: Interactive Dashboards in AR, combining a head-mounted display with the familiar interaction of a smartphone. A user study with 15 domain experts for mobile intervention studies shows that participants appreciated the multimodal interaction approach. Based on our findings, we provide implications for research and design of interactive dashboards in AR.

Abstract

We propose a data-driven space-filling curve method for 2D and 3D visualization. Our flexible curve traverses the data elements in the spatial domain in a way that the resulting linearization better preserves features in space compared to existing methods. We achieve such data coherency by calculating a Hamiltonian path that approximately minimizes an objective function that describes the similarity of data values and location coherency in a neighborhood. Our extended variant even supports multiscale data via quadtrees and octrees. Our method is useful in many areas of visualization including multivariate or comparative visualization ensemble visualization of 2D and 3D data on regular grids or multiscale visual analysis of particle simulations. The effectiveness of our method is evaluated with numerical comparisons to existing techniques and through examples of ensemble and multivariate datasets.

Abstract

In a planar L-drawing of a directed graph (digraph) each edge e is represented as a polyline composed of a vertical segment starting at the tail of e and a horizontal segment ending at the head of e. Distinct edges may overlap, but not cross. Our main focus is on bimodal graphs, i.e., digraphs admitting a planar embedding in which the incoming and outgoing edges around each vertex are contiguous. We show that every plane bimodal graph without 2-cycles admits a planar L-drawing. This includes the class of upward-plane graphs. Finally, outerplanar digraphs admit a planar L-drawing -- although they do not always have a bimodal embedding -- but not necessarily with an outerplanar embedding.

Abstract

Among the many changes brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic, one of the most pressing for scientific research concerns user testing. For the researchers who conduct studies with human participants, the requirements for social distancing have created a need for reflecting on methodologies that previously seemed relatively straightforward. It has become clear from the emerging literature on the topic and from first-hand experiences of researchers that the restrictions due to the pandemic affect every aspect of the research pipeline. The current paper offers an initial reflection on user-based research, drawing on the authors' own experiences and on the results of a survey that was conducted among researchers in different disciplines, primarily psychology, human-computer interaction (HCI), and visualization communities. While this sampling of researchers is by no means comprehensive, the multi-disciplinary approach and the consideration of different aspects of the research pipeline allow us to examine current and future challenges for user-based research. Through an exploration of these issues, this paper also invites others in the VIS-as well as in the wider-research community, to reflect on and discuss the ways in which the current crisis might also present new and previously unexplored opportunities.

Abstract

Schematic transit maps (often called "metro maps" in the literature) are important to produce comprehensible visualizations of complex public transit networks. In this work, we investigate the problem of automatically drawing such maps on an octilinear grid with an arbitrary (but optimal) number of edge bends. Our approach can naturally deal with obstacles that should be respected in the final drawing (points of interest, rivers, coastlines) and can prefer grid edges near the real-world course of a line. This allows our drawings to be combined with existing maps, for example as overlays in map services. We formulate an integer linear program which can be used to solve the problem exactly. We also provide a fast approximation algorithm which greedily calculates shortest paths between node candidates on the underlying octilinear grid graph. Previous work used local search techniques to update node positions until a local optimum was found, but without guaranteeing octilinearity. We can thus calculate nearly optimal metro maps in a fraction of a second even for complex networks, enabling the interactive use of our method in map editors.

Abstract

The development of linguistic corpora is fraught with various problems of annotation and representation. These constitute a very real challenge for the development and use of annotated corpora, but as yet not much literature exists on how to address the underlying problems. In this paper, we identify and discuss five sources of representation problems, which are independent though interrelated: ambiguity, variation, uncertainty, error and bias. We outline and characterize these sources, discussing how their improper treatment can have stark consequences for research outcomes. Finally, we discuss how an adequate treatment can inform corpus-related linguistic research, both computational and theoretical, improving the reliability of research results and NLP models, as well as informing the more general reproducibility issue.

Abstract

This paper describes DiaSense, a system developed for Task 1 `Unsupervised Lexical Semantic Change Detection' of SemEval 2020. In DiaSense, contextualized word embeddings are used to model word sense changes. This allows for the calculation of metrics which mimic human intuitions about the semantic relatedness between individual use pairs of a target word for the assessment of lexical semantic change. DiaSense is able to detect lexical semantic change in English, German, Latin and Swedish (accuracy = 0.728). Moreover, DiaSense differentiates between weak and strong change.

Abstract

Class separation is an important concept in machine learning and visual analytics. However, the comparison of class separation for datasets with varying dimensionality is non-trivial, given a) the various possible structural characteristics of datasets and b) the plethora of separation measures that exist. Building upon recent findings in visualization research about the qualitative and quantitative evaluation of class separation for 2D dimensionally reduced data using scatterplots, this research addresses the visual analysis of class separation measures for high-dimensional data. We present SepEx, an interactive visualization approach for the assessment and comparison of class separation measures for multiple datasets. SepEx supports analysts with the comparison of multiple separation measures over many high-dimensional datasets, the effect of dimensionality reduction on measure outputs by supporting nD to 2D comparison, and the comparison of the effect of different dimensionality reduction methods on measure outputs. We demonstrate SepEx in a scenario on 100 two-class 5D datasets with a linearly increasing amount of separation between the classes, illustrating both similarities and nonlinearities across 11 measures.

Abstract

Building data analysis skills is part of modern elementary school curricula. Recent research has explored how to facilitate children's understanding of visual data representations through completion exercises which highlight links between concrete and abstract mappings. This approach scaffolds visualization activities by presenting a target visualization to children. But how can we engage children in more free-form visual data mapping exercises that are driven by their own mapping ideas? How can we scaffold a creative exploration of visualization techniques and mapping possibilities? We present Construct-A-Vis, a tablet-based tool designed to explore the feasibility of free-form and constructive visualization activities with elementary school children. Construct-A-Vis provides adjustable levels of scaffolding visual mapping processes. It can be used by children individually or as part of collaborative activities. Findings from a study with elementary school children using Construct-A-Vis individually and in pairs highlight the potential of this free-form constructive approach, as visible in children's diverse visualization outcomes and their critical engagement with the data and mapping processes. Based on our study findings we contribute insights into the design of free-form visualization tools for children, including the role of tool-based scaffolding mechanisms and shared interactions to guide visualization activities with children.

Abstract

Comparing data distributions is a core focus in descriptive statistics, and part of most data analysis processes across disciplines. In particular, comparing distributions entails numerous tasks, ranging from identifying global distribution properties, comparing aggregated statistics (e.g., mean values), to the local inspection of single cases. While various specialized visualizations have been proposed (e.g., box plots, histograms, or violin plots), they are not usually designed to support more than a few tasks, unless they are combined. In this paper, we present the v-plot designer; a technique for authoring custom hybrid charts, combining mirrored bar charts, difference encodings, and violin-style plots. v-plots are customizable and enable the simultaneous comparison of data distributions on global, local, and aggregation levels. Our system design is grounded in an expert survey that compares and evaluates 20 common visualization techniques to derive guidelines for the task-driven selection of appropriate visualizations. This knowledge externalization step allowed us to develop a guiding wizard that can tailor v-plots to individual tasks and particular distribution properties. Finally, we confirm the usefulness of our system design and the user-guiding process by measuring the fitness for purpose and applicability in a second study with four domain and statistic experts.

Abstract

The ability to perceive patterns in parallel coordinates plots (PCPs) is heavily influenced by the ordering of the dimensions. While the community has proposed over 30 automatic ordering strategies, we still lack empirical guidance for choosing an appropriate strategy for a given task. In this paper, we first propose a classification of tasks and patterns and analyze which PCP reordering strategies help in detecting them. Based on our classification, we then conduct an empirical user study with 31 participants to evaluate reordering strategies for cluster identification tasks. We particularly measure time, identification quality, and the users' confidence for two different strategies using both synthetic and real-world datasets. Our results show that, somewhat unexpectedly, participants tend to focus on dissimilar rather than similar dimension pairs when detecting clusters, and are more confident in their answers. This is especially true when increasing the amount of clutter in the data. As a result of these findings, we propose a new reordering strategy based on the dissimilarity of neighboring dimension pairs.

Abstract

Data-informed decision-making processes play a fundamental role across disciplines.To support these processes, knowledge needs to be extracted from high-dimensional(HD) and complex datasets. Visualizations play hereby a key role in identifying andunderstanding patterns within the data. However, the choice of visual mappingheavily influences the effectiveness of the visualization. While one design choice isuseful for a particular task, the very same design can make another analysis taskmore difficult, or even impossible. This doctoral thesis advances the quality andpattern-driven optimization of visualizations in two core areas by addressing theresearch question:“How can we effectively design visualizations to highlight patterns –using automatic and user-driven approaches?”The first part of the thesis deals with the question“how can we automaticallymeasure the quality of a particular design to optimize the layout?”We summarizethe state-of-the-art in quality-metrics research, describe the underlying concepts,optimization goals, constraints, and discuss the requirements of the algorithms.While numerous quality metrics exist for all major HD visualizations, researchlacks empirical studies to choose a particular technique for a given analysis task.In particular for parallel coordinates (PCP) and star glyphs, two frequently usedtechniques for high-dimensional data, no study exists which evaluates the impact ofdifferent axes orderings. Therefore, this thesis contributes an empirical study anda novel quality metric for both techniques. Based on our findings in the PCP study,we also contribute a formalization of how standard parallel coordinates distort theperception of patterns, in particular clusters. To minimize the effect, we propose anautomatic rendering technique.The second part of the thesis is user-centered and addresses the question“howcan analysts support the design of visualization to highlight particular patterns?”We contribute two techniques: Thev-plot designeris a chart authoring tool todesign custom hybrid charts for the comparative analysis of data distributions. Itautomatically recommends basic charts (e.g., box plots, violin-typed visualizations,and bar charts) and optimizes a custom hybrid chart called v-plot based on a setof analysis tasks.SMARTexploreuses a table metaphor and combines easy-to-applyinteraction with pattern-driven layouts of rows and columns and an automaticallycomputed reliability analysis based on statistical measures.In summary, this thesis contributes quality-metrics and user-driven approachesto advance the quality- and pattern-driven optimization of high-dimensional datavisualizations. The quality metrics and the grounding of the user-centered techniquesare derived from empirical user studies while the effectiveness of the implementedtools is shown by domain expert evaluations.

Abstract

Programming assignments in computer science courses are often processed in pairs or groups of students. While working together, students face several shortcomings in today's software: The lack of real-time collaboration capabilities, the setup time of the development environment, and the use of different devices or operating systems can hamper students when working together on assignments. Text processing platforms like Google Docs solve these problems for the writing process of prose text, and computational notebooks like Google Colaboratory for data analysis tasks. However, none of these platforms allows users to implement interactive applications. We deployed a web-based literate programming system for three months during an introductory course on application development to explore how collaborative programming practices unfold and how the structure of computational notebooks affect the development. During the course, pairs of students solved weekly programming assignments. We analyzed data from weekly questionnaires, three focus groups with students and teaching assistants, and keystroke-level log data to facilitate the understanding of the subtleties of collaborative programming with computational notebooks. Findings reveal that there are distinct collaboration patterns; the preferred collaboration pattern varied between pairs and even varied within pairs over the course of three months. Recognizing these distinct collaboration patterns can help to design future computational notebooks for collaborative programming assignments.

Abstract

We present an approach for visual analysis of high-dimensional measurement data with varying sampling rates in the context of an experimental post-surgery study performed on a porcine surrogate model. The study aimed at identifying parameters suitable for diagnosing and prognosticating the volume state-a crucial and difficult task in intensive care medicine. In intensive care, most assessments not only depend on a single measurement but a plethora of mixed measurements over time. Even for trained experts, efficient and accurate analysis of such multivariate time-dependent data remains a challenging task. We present a linked-view post hoc visual analysis application that reduces data complexity by combining projection-based time curves for overview with small multiples for details on demand. Our approach supports not only the analysis of individual patients but also the analysis of ensembles by adapting existing techniques using non-parametric statistics. We evaluated the effectiveness and acceptance of our application through expert feedback with domain scientists from the surgical department using real-world data: the results show that our approach allows for detailed analysis of changes in patient state while also summarizing the temporal development of the overall condition. Furthermore, the medical experts believe that our method can be transferred from medical research to the clinical context, for example, to identify the early onset of a sepsis.

Abstract

As our field matures, evaluation of visualization techniques has extended from reporting runtime performance to studying user behavior. Consequently, many methodologies and best practices for user studies have evolved. While maintaining interactivity continues to be crucial for the exploration of large data sets, no similar methodological foundation for evaluating runtime performance has been developed. Our analysis of 50 recent visualization papers on new or improved techniques for rendering volumes or particles indicates that only a very limited set of parameters like different data sets, camera paths, viewport sizes, and GPUs are investigated, which make comparison with other techniques or generalization to other parameter ranges at least questionable. To derive a deeper understanding of qualitative runtime behavior and quantitative parameter dependencies, we developed a framework for the most exhaustive performance evaluation of volume and particle visualization techniques that we are aware of, including millions of measurements on ten different GPUs. This paper reports on our insights from statistical analysis of this data discussing independent and linear parameter behavior and non-obvious effects. We give recommendations for best practices when evaluating runtime performance of scientific visualization applications, which can serve as a starting point for more elaborate models of performance quantification.

Abstract

We report on the state-of-the-art of software visualization.To ensure reproducibility, we adopted the Systematic Literature Review methodology. That is, we analyzed 1440 entries from IEEE Xplore and ACM Digital Library databases. We selected 105 relevant full papers published in 2013–2019, which we classified based on the aspect of the software system that is supported (i.e., structure, behavior, and evolution). For each paper, we extracted main dimensions that characterize software visualizations, such as software engineering tasks, roles of users, information visualization techniques, and media used to display visualizations. We provide researchers in the field an overview of the state-of-the-art in software visualization and highlight research opportunities. We also help developers to identify suitable visualizations for their particular context by matching software visualizations to development concerns and concrete details to obtain available visualization tools.

Abstract

Motivated by the fact that in a space where shortest paths are unique, no two shortest paths meet twice, we study a question posed by Greg Bodwin: Given a geodetic graph G, i.e., an unweighted graph in which the shortest path between any pair of vertices is unique, is there a philogeodetic drawing of G, i.e., a drawing of G in which the curves of any two shortest paths meet at most once? We answer this question in the negative by showing the existence of geodetic graphs that require some pair of shortest paths to cross at least four times. The bound on the number of crossings is tight for the class of graphs we construct. Furthermore, we exhibit geodetic graphs of diameter two that do not admit a philogeodetic drawing.

Abstract

To characterize the building blocks of a legacy software system (e.g., structure, dependencies), programmers usually spend a long time navigating its source code. Yet, modern integrated development environments (IDEs) do not provide appropriate means to efficiently achieve complex software comprehension tasks. To deal with this unfulfilled need, we present Hunter, a tool for the visualization of JavaScript applications. Hunter visualizes source code through a set of coordinated views that include a node-link diagram that depicts the dependencies among the components of a system, and a treemap that helps programmers to orientate when navigating its structure. In this paper, we report on a controlled experiment that evaluates Hunter. We asked 16 participants to solve a set of software comprehension tasks, and assessed their effectiveness in terms of (i) user performance (i.e., completion time, accuracy, and attention), and (ii) user experience (i.e., emotions, usability). We found that when using Hunter programmers required significantly less time to complete various software comprehension tasks and achieved a significantly higher accuracy. We also found that the node-link diagram panel of Hunter gets most of the attention of programmers, whereas the source code panel does so in Visual Studio Code. Moreover, programmers considered that Hunter exhibits a good user experience.

Abstract

Augmented Reality (AR) provides a unique opportunity to situate learning content in one's environment. In this work, we investigated how AR could be developed to provide an interactive context-based language learning experience. Specifically, we developed a novel handheld-AR app for learning case grammar by dynamically creating quizzes, based on real-life objects in the learner's surroundings. We compared this to the experience of learning with a non-contextual app that presented the same quizzes with static photographic images. Participants found AR suitable for use in their everyday lives and enjoyed the interactive experience of exploring grammatical relationships in their surroundings. Nonetheless, Bayesian tests provide substantial evidence that the interactive and context-embedded AR app did not improve case grammar skills, vocabulary retention, and usability over the experience with equivalent static images. Based on this, we propose how language learning apps could be designed to combine the benefits of contextual AR and traditional approaches.

Abstract

Collaborative exploration of scientific data sets across large high-resolution displays requires both high visual detail as wellas low-latency transfer of image data (oftentimes inducing the need to trade one for the other). In this work, we present a system thatdynamically adapts the encoding quality in such systems in a way that reduces the required bandwidth without impacting the detailsperceived by one or more observers. Humans perceive sharp, colourful details, in the small foveal region around the centre of the fieldof view, while information in the periphery is perceived blurred and colourless. We account for this by tracking the gaze of observers,and respectively adapting the quality parameter of each macroblock used by the H.264 encoder, considering the so-called visual acuityfall-off. This allows to substantially reduce the required bandwidth with barely noticeable changes in visual quality, which is crucial forcollaborative analysis across display walls at different locations. We demonstrate the reduced overall required bandwidth and the highquality inside the foveated regions using particle rendering and parallel coordinate

Abstract

While visualisation often strives for abstraction, the interactive exploration of large scientific data sets like densely sampled 3Dfields or massive particle data sets still benefits from rendering their graphical representation in large detail on high-resolutiondisplays such as Powerwalls or tiled display walls driven by multiple GPUs or even GPU clusters. Such visualisation systemsare typically rather unique in their setup of hardware and software which makes transferring a visualisation application fromone high-resolution system to another one a complicated task. As more and more such visualisation systems get installed,collaboration becomes desirable in the sense of sharing such a visualisation running on one site in real time with another high-resolution display on a remote site while at the same time communicating via video and audio. Since typical video conferencesolutions or web-based collaboration tools often cannot deal with resolutions exceeding 4K, with stereo displays or with multi-GPU setups, we designed and implemented a new system based on state-of-the-art hardware and software technologies totransmit high-resolution visualisations including video and audio streams via the internet to remote large displays and back.Our system architecture is built on efficient capturing, encoding and transmission of pixel streams and thus supports a multitudeof configurations combining audio and video streams in a generic approac

Abstract

In this paper, we introduce a visualization technique aimed to help machine learning experts to analyze the hidden states of layers in recurrent neural networks (RNNs). Our technique allows the user to visually inspect how hidden states store and process information throughout the feeding of an input sequence into the network. It can answer questions such as which parts of the input data had a higher impact on the prediction and how the model correlates each hidden state configuration with a certain output. Our visualization comprises several components: our input visualization shows the input sequence and how it relates to the output (using color coding); hidden states are visualized by nonlinear projection to 2-D visualization space via t-SNE in order to understand the shape of the space of hidden states; time curves are employed to show the details of the evolution of hidden state configurations; and a time-multi-class heatmap matrix visualizes the evolution of expected predictions for multi-class classifiers. To demonstrate the capability of our approach, we discuss two typical use cases for long short-term memory (LSTM) models applied to two widely used natural language processing (NLP) datasets.

Abstract

The Joint Workshop on Aesthetic and Technical Quality Assessment of Multimedia and Media Analytics for Societal Trends (ATQAM/ MAST) aims to bring together researchers and professionals working in fields ranging from computer vision, multimedia computing, multimodal signal processing to psychology and social sciences. It is divided into two tracks: ATQAM and MAST. ATQAM track: Visual quality assessment techniques can be divided into image and video technical quality assessment (IQA and VQA, or broadly TQA) and aesthetics quality assessment (AQA). While TQA is a long-standing field, having its roots in media compression, AQA is relatively young. Both have received increased attention with developments in deep learning. The topics have mostly been studied separately, even though they deal with similar aspects of the underlying subjective experience of media. The aim is to bring together individuals in the two fields of TQA and AQA for the sharing of ideas and discussions on current trends, developments, issues, and future directions. MAST track: The research area of media content analytics has been traditionally used to refer to applications involving inference of higher-level semantics from multimedia content. However, multimedia is typically created for human consumption, and we believe it is necessary to adopt a human-centered approach to this analysis, which would not only enable a better understanding of how viewers engage with content but also how they impact each other in the process.

Abstract

We propose ClaVis, a visual analytics system for comparative analysis of classification models. ClaVis allows users to visually compare the performance and behavior of tens to hundreds of classifiers trained with different hyperparameter configurations. Our approach is plugin-based and classifier-agnostic and allows users to add their own datasets and classifier implementations. It provides multiple visualizations, including a multivariate ranking, a similarity map, a scatterplot that reveals correlations between parameters and scores, and a training history chart. We demonstrate the effectivity of our approach in multiple case studies for training classification models in the domain of natural language processing.

Abstract

Every day 1.8+ billion images are being uploaded to Facebook, Instagram, Flickr, Snapchat, and WhatsApp 6. The exponential growth of visual media has made quality assessment become increasingly important for various applications, from image acquisition, synthesis, restoration, and enhancement, to image search and retrieval, storage, and recognition.There have been two related but different classes of visual quality assessment techniques: image quality assessment (IQA) and image aesthetics assessment (IAA). As perceptual assessment tasks, subjective IQA and IAA share some common underlying factors that affect user judgments. Moreover, they are similar in methodology (especially NR-IQA in-the-wild and IAA). However, the emphasis for each is different: IQA focuses on low-level defects e.g. processing artefacts, noise, and blur, while IAA puts more emphasis on abstract and higher-level concepts that capture the subjective aesthetics experience, e.g. established photographic rules encompassing lighting, composition, and colors, and personalized factors such as personality, cultural background, age, and emotion.IQA has been studied extensively over the last decades 3, 14, 22. There are three main types of IQA methods: full-reference (FR), reduced-reference (RR), and no-reference (NR). Among these, NRIQA is the most challenging as it does not depend on reference images or impose strict assumptions on the distortion types and level. NR-IQA techniques can be further divided into those that predict the global image score 1, 2, 10, 17, 26 and patch-based IQA 23, 25, naming a few of the more recent approaches.

Abstract

Image quality is a key issue affecting the performance of biometric systems. Ensuring the quality of iris images acquired in unconstrained imaging conditions in visible light poses many challenges to iris recognition systems. Poor-quality iris images increase the false rejection rate and decrease the performance of the systems by quality filtering. Methods that can accurately predict iris image quality can improve the efficiency of quality-control protocols in iris recognition systems. We propose a fast blind/no-reference metric for predicting iris image quality. The proposed metric is based on statistical features of the sign and the magnitude of local image intensities. The experiments, conducted with a reference iris recognition system and three datasets of iris images acquired in visible light, showed that the quality of iris images strongly affects the recognition performance and is highly correlated with the iris matching scores. Rejecting poor-quality iris images improved the performance of the iris recognition system. In addition, we analyzed the effect of iris image quality on the accuracy of the iris segmentation module in the iris recognition system.

Abstract

Our work for the first time evaluates the effectiveness of visual and acoustic warning systems in an accident situation using a realistic, immersive driving simulation. In a first experiment, 70 participants were trained to complete a course at high speed. The course contained several forks where a wrong turn would lead to the car falling off a cliff and crashing - these forks were indicated either with a visual warning sign for a first, no-sound group or with a visual and auditory warning cue for a second, sound group. In a testing phase, right after the warning signals were given, trees suddenly fell on the road, leaving the (fatal) turn open. Importantly, in the no-sound group, 18 out of 35 people still chose this turn, whereas in the sound group only 5 out of 35 people did so - the added sound therefore had a large and significant increase in situational awareness. We found no other differences between the groups concerning age, physiological responses, or driving experience. In a second replication experiment, the setup was repeated with another 70 participants without emphasis on driving speed. Results fully confirmed the previous findings with 17 out of 35 people in the no-sound group versus only 6 out of 35 in the sound group choosing the turn to the cliff. With these two experiments using a one-shot design to avoid pre-meditation and testing naïve, rapid decision-making, we provide clear evidence for the advantage of visual-auditory in-vehicle warning systems for promoting situational awareness.

Abstract

Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP) has gained popular-ity as a method for presenting text on wearable devices with limited screen space. Nonetheless, it remains unclear how to calibrate RSVP display parameters, such as spatial alignments or presentation rates, to suit the reader’s information process-ing ability at high presentation speeds. Existing methods rely on comprehension and subjective workload scores, which are influenced by the user’s knowledge base and subjective percep-tion. Here, we use electroencephalography (EEG) to directly determine how individual information processing varies with changes in RSVP display parameters. Eighteen participants read text excerpts with RSVP in a repeated-measures design that manipulated the Text Alignment and Presentation Speed of text representation. We evaluated how predictive EEG metrics were of gains in reading speed, subjective workload, and text comprehension. We found significant correlations between EEG and increasing Presentation Speeds and propose how EEG can be used for dynamic selection of RSVP parameters.

Abstract

Movement-compensating interactions like teleportation are commonly deployed techniques in virtual reality environments. Although practical, they tend to cause disorientation while navigating. Previous studies show the effectiveness of orientation-supporting tools, such as trails, in reducing such disorientation and reveal different strengths and weaknesses of individual tools. However, to date, there is a lack of a systematic comparison of those tools when teleportation is used as a movement-compensating technique, in particular under consideration of different tasks. In this paper, we compare the effects of three orientation-supporting tools, namely minimap, trail, and heatmap. We conducted a quantitative user study with 48 participants to investigate the accuracy and efficiency when executing four exploration and search tasks. As dependent variables, task performance, completion time, space coverage, amount of revisiting, retracing time, and memorability were measured. Overall, our results indicate that orientation-supporting tools improve task completion times and revisiting behavior. The trail and heatmap tools were particularly useful for speed-focused tasks, minimal revisiting, and space coverage. The minimap increased memorability and especially supported retracing tasks. These results suggest that virtual reality systems should provide orientation aid tailored to the specific tasks of the users.

Abstract

Heatmaps are a popular visualization technique that encode 2D density distributions using color or brightness. Experimental studies have shown though that both of these visual variables are inaccurate when reading and comparing numeric data values. A potential remedy might be to use 3D heatmaps by introducing height as a third dimension to encode the data. Encoding abstract data in 3D, however, poses many problems, too. To better understand this tradeoff, we conducted an empirical study (N=48) to evaluate the user performance of 2D and 3D heatmaps for comparative analysis tasks. We test our conditions on a conventional 2D screen, but also in a virtual reality environment to allow for real stereoscopic vision. Our main results show that 3D heatmaps are superior in terms of error rate when reading and comparing single data items. However, for overview tasks, the well-established 2D heatmap performs better.

Abstract

Eye movement data analysis plays an important role in examining human cognitive processes and perceptions. Such analysis at times needs data recording from additional sources too during experiments. In this paper, we study a pair programming based collaboration using two eye trackers, stimulus recording, and an external camera recording. To analyze the collected data, we introduce the EyeSAC system that synchronizes the data from different sources and that removes the noisy and missing gazes from eye tracking data with the help of visual feedback from the external recording. The synchronized and cleaned data is further annotated using our system and then exported for further analysis.

Abstract

Many applications in eye tracking have been increasingly employing neural networks to solve machine learning tasks. In general, neural networks have achieved impressive results in many problems over the past few years, but they still suffer from the lack of interpretability due to their black-box behavior. While previous research on explainable AI has been able to provide high levels of interpretability for models in image classification and natural language processing tasks, little effort has been put into interpreting and understanding networks trained with eye movement datasets. This paper discusses the importance of developing interpretability methods specifically for these models. We characterize the main problems for interpreting neural networks with this type of data, how they differ from the problems faced in other domains, and why existing techniques are not sufficient to address all of these issues. We present preliminary experiments showing the limitations that current techniques have and how we can improve upon them. Finally, based on the evaluation of our experiments, we suggest future research directions that might lead to more interpretable and explainable neural networks for eye tracking.

Abstract

Technical progress in hardware and software enables us to record gaze data in everyday situations and over long time spans. Among a multitude of research opportunities, this technology enables visualization researchers to catch a glimpse behind performance measures and into the perceptual and cognitive processes of people using visualization techniques. The majority of eye tracking studies performed for visualization research is limited to the analysis of gaze distributions and aggregated statistics, thus only covering a small portion of insights that can be derived from gaze data. We argue that incorporating theories and methodology from psychology and cognitive science will benefit the design and evaluation of eye tracking experiments for visualization. This position paper outlines our experiences with eye tracking in visualization and states the benefits that an interdisciplinary research field on visualization psychology might bring for better understanding how people interpret visualizations.

Abstract

Subtitles play a crucial role in cross-lingual distribution of multimedia content and help communicate information where auditory content is not feasible (loud environments, hearing impairments, unknown languages). Established methods utilize text at the bottom of the screen, which may distract from the video. Alternative techniques place captions closer to related content (e.g., faces) but are not applicable to arbitrary videos such as documentations. Hence, we propose to leverage live gaze as indirect input method to adapt captions to individual viewing behavior. We implemented two gaze-adaptive methods and compared them in a user study (n=54) to traditional captions and audio-only videos. The results show that viewers with less experience with captions prefer our gaze-adaptive methods as they assist them in reading. Furthermore, gaze distributions resulting from our methods are closer to natural viewing behavior compared to the traditional approach. Based on these results, we provide design implications for gaze-adaptive captions.

Abstract

We propose a new technique for visual analytics and annotation of long-term pervasive eye tracking data for which a combined analysis of gaze and egocentric video is necessary. Our approach enables two important tasks for such data for hour-long videos from individual participants: (1) efficient annotation and (2) direct interpretation of the results. Exemplary time spans can be selected by the user and are then used as a query that initiates a fuzzy search of similar time spans based on gaze and video features. In an iterative refinement loop, the query interface then provides suggestions for the importance of individual features to improve the search results. A multi-layered timeline visualization shows an overview of annotated time spans. We demonstrate the efficiency of our approach for analyzing activities in about seven hours of video in a case study and discuss feedback on our approach from novices and experts performing the annotation task.

Abstract

Assessing visual similarity in-the-wild, a core ability of the human visual system, is a challenging problem for computer vision methods because of its subjective nature and limited annotated datasets. We make a stride forward, showing that visual similarity can be better studied by isolating its components. We identify color composition similarity as an important aspect and study its interaction with category-level similarity. Color composition similarity considers the distribution of colors and their layout in images. We create predictive models accounting for the global similarity that is beyond pixel-based and patch-based, or histogram level information. Using an active learning approach, we build a large-scale color composition similarity dataset with subjective ratings via crowd-sourcing, the first of its kind. We train a Siamese network using the dataset to create a color similarity metric and descriptors which outperform existing color descriptors. We also provide a benchmark for global color descriptors for perceptual color similarity. Finally, we combine color similarity and category level features for fine-grained visual similarity. Our proposed model surpasses the state-of-the-art performance while using three orders of magnitude less training data. The results suggest that our proposal to study visual similarity by isolating its components, modeling and combining them is a promising paradigm for further development.

Abstract

The picture-wise just noticeable difference (PJND) for a given image and a compression scheme is a statistical quantity giving the smallest distortion that a subject can perceive when the image is compressed with the compression scheme. The PJND is determined with subjective assessment tests for a sample of subjects. We introduce and apply two methods of adjustment where the subject interactively selects the distortion level at the PJND using either a slider or keystrokes. We compare the results and times required to those of the adaptive binary search type approach, in which image pairs with distortions that bracket the PJND are displayed and the difference in distortion levels is reduced until the PJND is identified. For the three methods, two images are compared using the flicker test in which the displayed images alternate at a frequency of 8 Hz. Unlike previous work, our goal is a global one, determining the PJND not only for the original pristine image but also for a sequence of compressed versions. Results for the MCL-JCI dataset show that the PJND measurements based on adjustment are comparable with those of the traditional approach using binary search, yet significantly faster. Moreover, we conducted a crowdsourcing study with side-byside comparisons and forced choice, which suggests that the flicker test is more sensitive than a side-by-side comparison.

Abstract

Automated detection of motorcycle helmet use through video surveillance can facilitate efficient education and enforcement campaigns that increase road safety. However, existing detection approaches have a number of shortcomings, such as the inabilities to track individual motorcycles through multiple frames, or to distinguish drivers from passengers in helmet use. Furthermore, datasets used to develop approaches are limited in terms of traffic environments and traffic density variations. In this paper, we propose a CNN-based multi-task learning (MTL) method for identifying and tracking individual motorcycles, and register rider specific helmet use. We further release the HELMET dataset, which includes 91,000 annotated frames of 10,006 individual motorcycles from 12 observation sites in Myanmar. Along with the dataset, we introduce an evaluation metric for helmet use and rider detection accuracy, which can be used as a benchmark for evaluating future detection approaches. We show that the use of MTL for concurrent visual similarity learning and helmet use classification improves the efficiency of our approach compared to earlier studies, allowing a processing speed of more than 8 FPS on consumer hardware, and a weighted average F-measure of 67.3% for detecting the number of riders and helmet use of tracked motorcycles. Our work demonstrates the capability of deep learning as a highly accurate and resource efficient approach to collect critical road safety related data.

Abstract

The satisfied user ratio (SUR) curve for a lossy image compression scheme, e.g., JPEG, characterizes the complementary cumulative distribution function of the just noticeable difference (JND), the smallest distortion level that can be perceived by a subject when a reference image is compared to a distorted one. A sequence of JNDs can be defined with a suitable successive choice of reference images. We propose the first deep learning approach to predict SUR curves. We show how to apply maximum likelihood estimation and the Anderson-Darling test to select a suitable parametric model for the distribution function. We then use deep feature learning to predict samples of the SUR curve and apply the method of least squares to fit the parametric model to the predicted samples. Our deep learning approach relies on a siamese convolutional neural network, transfer learning, and deep feature learning, using pairs consisting of a reference image and a compressed image for training. Experiments on the MCL-JCI dataset showed state-of-the-art performance. For example, the mean Bhattacharyya distances between the predicted and ground truth first, second, and third JND distributions were 0.0810, 0.0702, and 0.0522, respectively, and the corresponding average absolute differences of the peak signal-to-noise ratio at a median of the first JND distribution were 0.58, 0.69, and 0.58 dB. Further experiments on the JND-Pano dataset showed that the method transfers well to high resolution panoramic images viewed on head-mounted displays.

Abstract

Professional video editing tools can generate slow-motion video by interpolating frames from video recorded at astandard frame rate. Thereby the perceptual quality of such in-terpolated slow-motion videos strongly depends on the underlyinginterpolation techniques. We built a novel benchmark databasethat is specifically tailored for interpolated slow-motion videos(KoSMo-1k). It consists of 1,350 interpolated video sequences,from 30 different content sources, along with their subjectivequality ratings from up to ten subjective comparisons per videopair. Moreover, we evaluated the performance of twelve exist-ing full-reference (FR) image/video quality assessment (I/VQA)methods on the benchmark. In this way, we are able to show thatspecifically tailored quality assessment methods for interpolatedslow-motion videos are needed, since the evaluated methods –despite their good performance on real-time video databases – donot give satisfying results when it comes to frame interpolation.

Abstract

Current benchmarks for optical flow algorithms evaluate the estimation either directly by comparing the predicted flow fields with the ground truth or indirectly by using the predicted flow fields for frame interpolation and then comparing the interpolated frames with the actual frames. In the latter case, objective quality measures such as the mean squared error are typically employed. However, it is well known that for image quality assessment, the actual quality experienced by the user cannot be fully deduced from such simple measures. Hence, we conducted a subjective quality assessment crowdscouring study for the interpolated frames provided by one of the optical flow benchmarks, the Middlebury benchmark. It contains interpolated frames from 155 methods applied to each of 8 contents. For this purpose, we collected forced-choice paired comparisons between interpolated images and corresponding ground truth. To increase the sensitivity of observers when judging minute difference in paired comparisons we introduced a new method to the field of full-reference quality assessment, called artefact amplification. From the crowdsourcing data (3720 comparisons of 20 votes each) we reconstructed absolute quality scale values according to Thurstone’s model. As a result, we obtained a re-ranking of the 155 participating algorithms w.r.t. the visual quality of the interpolated frames. This re-ranking not only shows the necessity of visual quality assessment as another evaluation metric for optical flow and frame interpolation benchmarks, the results also provide the ground truth for designing novel image quality assessment (IQA) methods dedicated to perceptual quality of interpolated images. As a first step, we proposed such a new full-reference method, called WAE-IQA, which weights the local differences between an interpolated image and its ground truth.

Abstract

In immersive augmented reality (IAR), users can wear a head-mounted display to see computer-generated images superimposed to their view of the world. IAR was shown to be beneficial across several domains, e.g., automotive, medicine, gaming and engineering, with positive impacts on, e.g., collaboration and communication. We think that IAR bears a great potential for software engineering but, as of yet, this research area has been neglected. In this vision paper, we elicit potentials and obstacles for the use of IAR in software engineering. We identify possible areas that can be supported with IAR technology by relating commonly discussed IAR improvements to typical software engineering tasks. We further demonstrate how innovative use of IAR technology may fundamentally improve typical activities of a software engineer through a comprehensive series of usage scenarios outlining practical application. Finally, we reflect on current limitations of IAR technology based on our scenarios and sketch research activities necessary to make our vision a reality. We consider this paper to be relevant to academia and industry alike in guiding the steps to innovative research and applications for IAR in software engineering.

Abstract

We introduce AVAR, a prototypical implementation of an agile situated visualization (SV) toolkit targeting liveness, integration, and expressiveness. We report on results of an exploratory study with AVAR and seven expert users. In it, participants wore a Microsoft HoloLens device and used a Bluetooth keyboard to program a visualization script for a given dataset. To support our analysis, we (i) video recorded sessions, (ii) tracked users' interactions, and (iii) collected data of participants' impressions. Our prototype confirms that agile SV is feasible. That is, liveness boosted participants' engagement when programming an SV, and so, the sessions were highly interactive and participants were willing to spend much time using our toolkit (i.e., median ≥ 1.5 hours). Participants used our integrated toolkit to deal with data transformations, visual mappings, and view transformations without leaving the immersive environment. Finally, participants benefited from our expressive toolkit and employed multiple of the available features when programming an SV.

Abstract

We present a systematic review of 45S papers that report on evaluations in mixed and augmented reality (MR/AR) published in ISMAR, CHI, IEEE VR, and UIST over a span of 11 years (2009-2019). Our goal is to provide guidance for future evaluations of MR/AR approaches. To this end, we characterize publications by paper type (e.g., technique, design study), research topic (e.g., tracking, rendering), evaluation scenario (e.g., algorithm performance, user performance), cognitive aspects (e.g., perception, emotion), and the context in which evaluations were conducted (e.g., lab vs. in-thewild). We found a strong coupling of types, topics, and scenarios. We observe two groups: (a) technology-centric performance evaluations of algorithms that focus on improving tracking, displays, reconstruction, rendering, and calibration, and (b) human-centric studies that analyze implications of applications and design, human factors on perception, usability, decision making, emotion, and attention. Amongst the 458 papers, we identified 248 user studies that involved 5,761 participants in total, of whom only 1,619 were identified as female. We identified 43 data collection methods used to analyze 10 cognitive aspects. We found nine objective methods, and eight methods that support qualitative analysis. A majority (216/248) of user studies are conducted in a laboratory setting. Often (138/248), such studies involve participants in a static way. However, we also found a fair number (30/248) of in-the-wild studies that involve participants in a mobile fashion. We consider this paper to be relevant to academia and industry alike in presenting the state-of-the-art and guiding the steps to designing, conducting, and analyzing results of evaluations in MR/AR.

Abstract

Even though load testing is an established technique to assess load-related quality properties of software systems, it is applied only seldom and with questionable results. Indeed, configuring, executing, and interpreting results of a load test require high effort and expertise. Since chatbots have shown promising results for interactively supporting complex tasks in various domains (including software engineering), we hypothesize that chatbots can provide developers suitable support for load testing. In this paper, we present PerformoBot, our chatbot for configuring and running load tests. In a natural language conversation, PerformoBot guides developers through the process of properly specifying the parameters of a load test, which is then automatically executed by PerformoBot using a state-of-the-art load testing tool. After the execution, PerformoBot provides developers a report that answers the respective concern. We report on results of a user study that involved 47 participants, in which we assessed our tool's acceptance and effectiveness. We found that participants in the study, particularly those with a lower level of expertise in performance engineering, had a mostly positive view of PerformoBot.

Abstract

Visualization in virtual 3D environments can provide a natural way for users to explore data. Often, arm and short head movements are required for interaction in augmented reality, which can be tiring and strenuous though. In an effort toward more user-friendly interaction, we developed a prototype that allows users to manipulate virtual objects using a combination of eye gaze and an external clicker device. Using this prototype, we performed a user study comparing four different input methods of which head gaze plus clicker was preferred by most participants.

Abstract

Often, requirements engineering (RE) activities demand project stakeholders to communicate and collaborate with each other towards building a common software product vision. We conjecture that augmented reality (AR) can be a good fit to support such communication and collaboration. In this vision paper, we report on state-of-the-art research at the intersection of AR and RE. We found that requirements elicitation and analysis have been supported by the ability of AR to provision on-the-fly information such as augmented prototypes. We discuss and map the existing challenges in RE to the aspects of AR that can boost the productivity and user experience of existing RE techniques. Finally, we elaborate on various envisioned usage scenarios in which we highlight concrete benefits and challenges of adopting immersive AR to assist project stakeholders in RE activities.

Abstract

We present a novel variant of parallel coordinates plots (PCPs) in which we show clusters in 2D subspaces of multivariate data and emphasize flow between them. We achieve this by duplicating and stacking individual axes vertically. On a high level, our clusterflow layout shows how data points move from one cluster to another in different subspaces. We achieve cluster-based bundling and limit plot growth through the reduction of available vertical space for each duplicated axis. Although we introduce space between clusters, we preserve the readability of intra-cluster correlations by starting and ending with the original slopes from regular PCPs and drawing Hermite spline segments in between. Moreover, our rendering technique enables the visualization of small and large data sets alike. Cluster-flow PCPs can even propagate the uncertainty inherent to fuzzy clustering through the layout and rendering stages of our pipeline. Our layout algorithm is based on A*. It achieves an optimal result with regard to a novel set of cost functions that allow us to arrange axes horizontally (dimension ordering) and vertically (cluster ordering).

Abstract

Super-resolution increases the resolution of an image. Using evolutionary optimization, we optimize the noise injection of a super-resolution method for improving the results. More generally, our approach can be used to optimize any method based on noise injection.

Abstract

The progress of technology has increased research on neuropsychological emotion and attention with virtual reality (VR). However, direct comparisons between conventional two-dimensional (2D) and VR stimulations are lacking. Thus, the present study compared electroencephalography (EEG) correlates of explicit task and implicit emotional attention between 2D and VR stimulation. Participants (n = 16) viewed angry and neutral faces with equal size and distance in both 2D and VR, while they were asked to count one of the two facial expressions. For the main effects of emotion (angry vs. neutral) and task (target vs. nontarget), established event related potentials (ERP), namely the late positive potential (LPP) and the target P300, were replicated. VR stimulation compared to 2D led to overall bigger ERPs but did not interact with emotion or task effects. In the frequency domain, alpha/beta-activity was larger in VR compared to 2D stimulation already in the baseline period. Of note, while alpha/beta event related desynchronization (ERD) for emotion and task conditions were seen in both VR and 2D stimulation, these effects were significantly stronger in VR than in 2D. These results suggest that enhanced immersion with the stimulus materials enabled by VR technology can potentiate induced brain oscillation effects to implicit emotion and explicit task effects.

Abstract

In this paper we present a case study in which Visual Analytic methods for interactive data exploration are applied to the study of historical linguistics. We discuss why diachronic linguistic data poses special challenges for Visual Analytics and show how these are handled in a collaboratively developed web-based tool: HistoBankVis. HistoBankVis allows an immediate and efficient interaction with underlying diachronic data and we go through an investigation of the interplay between case marking and word order in Icelandic and Old Saxon to illustrate its features. We then discuss challenges posed by the lack of annotation standardization across different corpora as well as the problems we encountered with respect to errors, uncertainty and issues of data provenance. Overall we conclude that the integration of Visual Analytics methodology into the study of language change has an immense potential but that the full realization of its potential will depend on whether issues of data interoperability and annotation standards can be resolved.

Abstract

Rectangular treemaps visualize hierarchical numerical data by recursively partitioning an input rectangle into smaller rectangles whose areas match the data. Numerical data often has uncertainty associated with it. To visualize uncertainty in a rectangular treemap, we identify two conflicting key requirements: (i) to assess the data value of a node in the hierarchy, the area of its rectangle should directly match its data value, and (ii) to facilitate comparison between data and uncertainty, uncertainty should be encoded using the same visual variable as the data, that is, area. We present Uncertainty Treemaps, which meet both requirements simultaneously by introducing the concept of hierarchical uncertainty masks. First, we define a new cost function that measures the quality of Uncertainty Treemaps. Then, we show how to adapt existing treemapping algorithms to support uncertainty masks. Finally, we demonstrate the usefulness and quality of our technique through an expert review and a computational experiment on real-world datasets.

Abstract

We propose and study a generalization to the well-known problem of polyline simplification. Instead of a single polyline, we are given a set of l polylines possibly sharing some line segments and bend points. Our goal is to minimize the number of bend points in the simplified bundle with respect to some error tolerance δ (measuring Fréchet distance) but under the additional constraint that shared parts have to be simplified consistently. We show that polyline bundle simplification is NP-hard to approximate within a factor n^(1/3 - ε) for any ε > 0 where n is the number of bend points in the polyline bundle. This inapproximability even applies to instances with only l=2 polylines. However, we identify the sensitivity of the solution to the choice of δ as a reason for this strong inapproximability. In particular, we prove that if we allow δ to be exceeded by a factor of 2 in our solution, we can find a simplified polyline bundle with no more thanO(log (l + n)) ⋅ OPT bend points in polytime, providing us with an efficient bi-criteria approximation. As a further result, we show fixed-parameter tractability in the number of shared bend points.

Abstract

With the growing interest in Immersive Analytics, there is also a need for novel and suitable input modalities for such applications. We explore eye tracking, head tracking, hand motion tracking, and data gloves as input methods for a 2D tracing task and compare them to touch input as a baseline in an exploratory user study (N=20). We compare these methods in terms of user experience, workload, accuracy, and time required for input. The results show that the input method has a significant influence on these measured variables. While touch input surpasses all other input methods in terms of user experience, workload, and accuracy, eye tracking shows promise in respect of the input time. The results form a starting point for future research investigating input methods.

Abstract

Background: Why do we eat? Our motives for eating are diverse, ranging from hunger and liking to social norms and affect regulation. Although eating motives can vary from eating event to eating event, which implies substantial moment-to-moment differences, current ways of measuring eating motives rely on single timepoint questionnaires that assess eating motives as situation-stable dispositions (traits). However, mobile technologies including smartphones allow eating events and motives to be captured in real time and real life, thus capturing experienced eating motives in-the-moment (states). Objective: This study aimed to examine differences between why people think they eat (trait motives) and why they eat in the moment of consumption (state motives) by comparing a dispositional (trait) and an in-the-moment (state) assessment of eating motives. Methods: A total of 15 basic eating motives included in The Eating Motivation Survey (ie, liking, habit, need and hunger, health, convenience, pleasure, traditional eating, natural concerns, sociability, price, visual appeal, weight control, affect regulation, social norms, and social image) were assessed in 35 participants using 2 methodological approaches: (1) a single timepoint dispositional assessment and (2) a smartphone-based ecological momentary assessment (EMA) across 8 days (N=888 meals) capturing eating motives in the moment of eating. Similarities between dispositional and in-the-moment eating motive profiles were assessed according to 4 different indices of profile similarity, that is, overall fit, shape, scatter, and elevation. Moreover, a visualized person × motive data matrix was created to visualize and analyze between- and within-person differences in trait and state eating motives. Results: Similarity analyses yielded a good overall fit between the trait and state eating motive profiles across participants, indicated by a double-entry intraclass correlation of 0.52 (P<.001). However, although trait and state motives revealed a comparable rank order (r=0.65; P<.001), trait motives overestimated 12 of 15 state motives (P<.001; d=1.97). Specifically, the participants assumed that 6 motives (need and hunger, price, habit, sociability, traditional eating, and natural concerns) are more essential for eating than they actually were in the moment (d>0.8). Furthermore, the visualized person × motive data matrix revealed substantial interindividual differences in intraindividual motive profiles. Conclusions: For a comprehensive understanding of why we eat what we eat, dispositional assessments need to be extended by in-the-moment assessments of eating motives. Smartphone-based EMAs reveal considerable intra- and interindividual differences in eating motives, which are not captured by single timepoint dispositional assessments. Targeting these differences between why people think they eat what they eat and why they actually eat in the moment may hold great promise for tailored mobile health interventions facilitating behavior changes.

Abstract

Appropriate evaluation is a key component in visualization research. It is typically based on empirical studies that assess visualization components or complete systems. While such studies often include the user of the visualization, empirical research is not necessarily restricted to user studies but may also address the technical performance of a visualization system such as its computational speed or memory consumption. Any such empirical experiment faces the issue that the underlying visualization is becoming increasingly sophisticated, leading to an increasingly difficult evaluation in complex environments. Therefore, many of the established methods of empirical studies can no longer capture the full complexity of the evaluation. One promising solution is the use of data-rich observations that we can acquire during studies to obtain more reliable interpretations of empirical research. For example, we have been witnessing an increasing availability and use of physiological sensor information from eye tracking, electrodermal activity sensors, electroencephalography, etc. Other examples are various kinds of logs of user activities such as mouse, keyboard, or touch interaction. Such data-rich empirical studies promise to be especially useful for studies in the wild and similar scenarios outside of the controlled laboratory environment. However, with the growing availability of large, complex, time-dependent, heterogeneous, and unstructured observational data, we are facing the new challenge of how we can analyze such data. This challenge can be addressed by establishing the subfield of visualization for visualization (Vis4Vis): visualization as a means of analyzing and communicating data from empirical studies to advance visualization research.

Abstract

Video streaming under real-time constraints is an increasingly widespread application. Many recent video encoders are unsuitable for this scenario due to theoretical limitations or run time requirements. In this paper, we present a framework for the perceptual evaluation of foveated video coding schemes. Foveation describes the process of adapting a visual stimulus according to the acuity of the human eye. In contrast to traditional region-of-interest coding, where certain areas are statically encoded at a higher quality, we utilize feedback from an eye-tracker to spatially steer the bit allocation scheme in real-time. We evaluate the performance of an H.264 based foveated coding scheme in a lab environment by comparing the bitrates at the point of just noticeable distortion (JND). Furthermore, we identify perceptually optimal codec parameterizations. In our trials, we achieve an average bitrate savings of 63.24% at the JND in comparison to the unfoveated baseline.

Abstract

This paper presents current methodologies and challenges in the context of subjective quality assessment with a focus on adaptively encoded video streams.

Abstract

Cross-device interaction with tablets is a popular topic in HCI research. Recent work has shown the benefits of including multiple devices into users’ workflows while various interaction techniques allow transferring content across devices. However, users are only reluctantly using multiple devices in combination. At the same time, research on cross-device interaction struggles to find a frame of reference to compare techniques or systems. In this paper, we try to address these challenges by studying the interplay of interaction techniques, device utilization, and task-specific activities in a user study with 24 participants from different but complementary angles of evaluation using an abstract task, a sensemaking task, and three interaction techniques. We found that different interaction techniques have a lower influence than expected, that work behaviors and device utilization depend on the task at hand, and that participants value specific aspects of cross-device interaction.

Abstract

Saliency has been widely studied in relation to image quality assessment (IQA). The optimal use of saliency in IQA metrics, however, is nontrivial and largely depends on whether saliency can be accurately predicted for images containing various distortions. Although tremendous progress has been made in saliency modelling, very little is known about whether and to what extent state-of-the-art methods are beneficial for saliency prediction of distorted images. In this paper, we analyse the ability of deep learning versus traditional algorithms in predicting saliency, based on an IQA-aware saliency benchmark, the SIQ288 database. Building off the variations in model performance, we make recommendations for model selections for IQA applications.

Abstract

We propose a photographic method to show scalar values of high dynamic range (HDR) by color mapping for 2D visualization. We combine (1) tone-mapping operators that transform the data to the display range of the monitor while preserving perceptually important features, based on a systematic evaluation, and (2) simulated glares that highlight high-value regions. Simulated glares are effective for highlighting small areas (of a few pixels) that may not be visible with conventional visualizations; through a controlled perception study, we confirm that glare is preattentive. The usefulness of our overall photographic HDR visualization is validated through the feedback of expert users.

Abstract

Gaze tracking in 3D has the potential to improve interaction with objects and visualizations in augmented reality. However, previous research showed that subjective perception of distance varies between real and virtual surroundings. We wanted to determine whether objectively measured 3D gaze depth through eye tracking also exhibits differences between entirely real and augmented environments. To this end, we conducted an experiment (N = 25) in which we used Microsoft HoloLens with a binocular eye tracking add-on from Pupil Labs. Participants performed a task that required them to look at stationary real and virtual objects while wearing a HoloLens device. We were not able to find significant differences in the gaze depth measured by eye tracking. Finally, we discuss our findings and their implications for gaze interaction in immersive analytics, and the quality of the collected gaze data.

Abstract

Automatic clustering techniques play a central role in Visual Analytics by helping analysts to discover interesting patterns in high-dimensional data. Evaluating these clustering techniques, however, is difficult due to the lack of universal ground truth. Instead, clustering approaches are usually evaluated based on a subjective visual judgment of low-dimensional scatterplots of different datasets. As clustering is an inherent human-in-the-loop task, we propose a more systematic way of evaluating clustering algorithms based on quantification of human perception of clusters in 2D scatterplots. The core question we are asking is in how far existing clustering techniques align with clusters perceived by humans. To do so, we build on a dataset from a previous study 1, in which 34 human subjects la-beled 1000 synthetic scatterplots in terms of whether they could see one or more than one cluster. Here, we use this dataset to benchmark state-of-the-art clustering techniques in terms of how far they agree with these human judgments. More specifically, we assess 1437 variants of K-means, Gaussian Mixture Models, CLIQUE, DBSCAN, and Agglomerative Clustering techniques on these benchmarks data. We get unexpected results. For instance, CLIQUE and DBSCAN are at best in slight agreement on this basic cluster counting task, while model-agnostic Agglomerative clustering can be up to a substantial agreement with human subjects depending on the variants. We discuss how to extend this perception-based clustering benchmark approach, and how it could lead to the design of perception-based clustering techniques that would better support more trustworthy and explainable models of cluster patterns.

Abstract

User-adaptive systems are a current trend in technological development. Such systems are designed to sense the user’s status based on ongoing interaction and automatically change certain features (e.g. content, interface, or interaction capabilities) in order to provide a targeted, personalized experience. In this scenario, users are likely to adapt to the evolving characteristics of the interaction (Burge et al., 2008), changing their own behavior to correctly interact with such systems and thereby leading to dynamics of mutual adaptation between human and machine. We investigated such mutual adaptation dynamics within a visuo-motor adaptation paradigm. Participants were instructed to perform fast pointing movements on a graphic tablet as accurately as possible, while also seeking to minimize the error between target and feedback location on a screen in front of them. The feedback location reflected the pointing performance of the user according to the underlying tablet-to-screen mapping, which changed systematically over time due to the introduction of a step offset. Concurrently, an adaptive algorithm corrected the feedback location according to an estimation of the participant’s error, thus contributing to the reduction of the displayed error over trials. In different experimental conditions, the extent of such contributions varied systematically, and we measured the adaptive performance of the human-machine system as a whole, as well as the underlying motor performance of participants. The greater the correction introduced by the adaptive algorithm, the more effective was the joint system in reducing visual error after the introduction of the step offset. On the other hand, when considering human’s motor behavior alone, the pointing error did not decrease, but tended to increase over time with higher contributions from the algorithm. Our findings indicate that, in order to obtain desired outcomes from interactions with user-adaptive technology, the sensorimotor mechanisms underlying such interactions must be considered.

Abstract

Driving simulators are necessary for evaluating automotive technology for human users. While they can vary in terms of their fidelity, it is essential that users experience minimal simulator sickness and high presence in them. In this paper, we present two experiments that investigate how a virtual driving simulation system could be visually presented within a real vehicle, which moves on a test track but displays a virtual environment. Specifically, we contrasted display presentation of the simulation using either head-mounted displays (HMDs) or fixed displays in the vehicle itself. Overall, we find that fixed displays induced less simulator sickness than HMDs. Neither HMDs or fixed displays induced a stronger presence in our implementation, even when the field-of-view of the fixed display was extended. We discuss the implications of this, particular in the context of scenarios that could induce considerable motion sickness, such as testing non-driving activities in automated vehicles.

Abstract

In this paper, we present a revised LFG account for Icelandic clause structure, factoring in new historical data from IcePaHC (Wallenberg et al., 2011).This builds on previous work by Sells (2001, 2005) and Booth et al. (2017), focusing more closely on the syntactic encoding of information structure.Based on findings from a series of corpus-based investigations, we argue thatthe functional category I was already obligatory in Old Icelandic, accounting for both V1 and V2 orders and the absence of V3/V-later orders. Moreover,we show that the basic c-structure skeleton persists throughout the diachrony; what changes is the way in which information structure is syntactically encoded, i.e. the association between c- and i-structure. Topics increasingly target SpecIP, which allows the finite verb in I to serve as a boundary between topic and comment. This goes hand in hand with certain discourse adverbs losing their function as a discourse partitioner in the midfield and ties in with other changes shown for Icelandic (Booth et al., 2017).

Abstract

Foveal vision is located in the center of the field of view with a rich impression of detail and color, whereas peripheral visionoccurs on the side with more fuzzy and colorless perception. This visual acuity fall-off can be used to achieve higher frame ratesby adapting rendering quality to the human visual system. Volume raycasting has unique characteristics, preventing a directtransfer of many traditional foveated rendering techniques. We present an approach that utilizes the visual acuity fall-off toaccelerate volume rendering based on Linde-Buzo-Gray sampling and natural neighbor interpolation. First, we measure gazeusing a stationary 1200 Hz eye-tracking system. Then, we adapt our sampling and reconstruction strategy to that gaze. Finally,we apply a temporal smoothing filter to attenuate undersampling artifacts since peripheral vision is particularly sensitive tocontrast changes and movement. Our approach substantially improves rendering performance with barely perceptible changes invisual quality. We demonstrate the usefulness of our approach through performance measurements on various data se

Abstract

We present a method for the spatio-temporal analysis of gaze data from multiple participants in the context of a video stimulus. For such data, an overview of the recorded patterns is important to identify common viewing behavior (such as attentional synchrony) and outliers. We adopt the approach of space-time cube visualization, which extends the spatial dimensions of the stimulus by time as the third dimension. Previous work mainly handled eye tracking data in the space-time cube as point cloud, providing no information about the stimulus context. This paper presents a novel visualization technique that combines gaze data, a dynamic stimulus, and optical flow with volume rendering to derive an overview of the data with contextual information. With specifically designed transfer functions, we emphasize different data aspects, making the visualization suitable for explorative analysis and for illustrative support of statistical findings alike.

Abstract

We present an approach for the visualization and interactive analysis of dynamic graphs that contain a large number of time steps. A specific focus is put on the support of analyzing temporal aspects in the data. Central to our approach is a static, volumetric representation of the dynamic graph based on the concept of space-time cubes that we create by stacking the adjacency matrices of all time steps. The use of GPU-accelerated volume rendering techniques allows us to render this representation interactively. We identified four classes of analytics methods as being important for the analysis of large and complex graph data, which we discuss in detail: data views, aggregation and filtering, comparison, and evolution provenance. Implementations of the respective methods are presented in an integrated application, enabling interactive exploration and analysis of large graphs. We demonstrate the applicability, usefulness, and scalability of our approach by presenting two examples for analyzing dynamic graphs. Furthermore, we let visualization experts evaluate our analytics approach.

Abstract

AgraphG=(V, E)isasupportof a hypergraphH=(V, S)if every hyperedge induces a connected subgraph inG. Supports are usedfor certain types of hypergraph visualizations. In this paper we considervisualizingspatialhypergraphs, where each vertex has a fixed location inthe plane. This is the case, e.g., when modeling set systems of geospatiallocations as hypergraphs. By applying established aesthetic quality cri-teria we are interested in finding supports that yield plane straight-linedrawings with minimum total edge length on the input point setV.Wefirst show, from a theoretical point of view, that the problem isNP-hardalready under rather mild conditions as well as a negative approxima-bility results. Therefore, the main focus of the paper lies on practicalheuristic algorithms as well as an exact, ILP-based approach for comput-ing short plane supports. We report results from computational exper-iments that investigate the effect of requiring planarity and acyclicityon the resulting support length. Further, we evaluate the performanceand trade-offs between solution quality and speed of several heuristicsrelative to each other and compared to optimal solutions.

Abstract

The detection of interesting patterns in large high-dimensional datasets is difficult because of their dimensionality and pattern complexity. Therefore, analysts require automated support for the extraction of relevant patterns. In this paper, we present FDive, a visual active learning system that helps to create visually explorable relevance models, assisted by learning a pattern-based similarity. We use a small set of user-provided labels to rank similarity measures, consisting of feature descriptor and distance function combinations, by their ability to distinguish relevant from irrelevant data. Based on the best-ranked similarity measure, the system calculates an interactive Self-Organizing Map-based relevance model, which classifies data according to the cluster affiliation. It also automatically prompts further relevance feedback to improve its accuracy. Uncertain areas, especially near the decision boundaries, are highlighted and can be refined by the user. We evaluate our approach by comparison to state-of-the-art feature selection techniques and demonstrate the usefulness of our approach by a case study classifying electron microscopy images of brain cells. The results show that FDive enhances both the quality and understanding of relevance models and can thus lead to new insights for brain research.

Abstract

The Satisfied User Ratio (SUR) curve for a lossy image compression scheme, e.g., JPEG, characterizes the probability distribution of the Just Noticeable Difference (JND) level, the smallest distortion level that can be perceived by a subject. We propose the first deep learning approach to predict such SUR curves. Instead of the direct approach of regressing the SUR curve itself for a given reference image, our model is trained on pairs of images, original and compressed. Relying on a Siamese Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), feature pooling, a fully connected regression-head, and transfer learning, we achieved a good prediction performance. Experiments on the MCL-JCI dataset showed a mean Bhattacharyya distance between the predicted and the original JND distributions of only 0.072.

Abstract

We propose a technique to represent two-dimensional data using stipples. While stippling is often regarded as an illustrative method, we argue that it is worth investigating its suitability for the visualization domain. For this purpose, we generalize the Linde-Buzo-Gray stippling algorithm for information visualization purposes to encode continuous and discrete 2D data. Our proposed modifications provide more control over the resulting distribution of stipples for encoding additional information into the representation, such as contours. We show different approaches to depict contours in stipple drawings based on locally adjusting the stipple distribution. Combining stipple-based gradients and contours allows for simultaneous assessment of the overall structure of the data while preserving important local details. We discuss the applicability of our technique using datasets from different domains and conduct observation-validating studies to assess the perception of stippled representations

Abstract

Deep learning methods for image quality assessment (IQA) are limited due to the small size of existing datasets. Extensive datasets require substantial resources both for generating publishable content and annotating it accurately. We present a systematic and scalable approach to creating KonIQ-10k, the largest IQA dataset to date, consisting of 10,073 quality scored images. It is the first in-the-wild database aiming for ecological validity, concerning the authenticity of distortions, the diversity of content, and quality-related indicators. Through the use of crowdsourcing, we obtained 1.2 million reliable quality ratings from 1,459 crowd workers, paving the way for more general IQA models. We propose a novel, deep learning model (KonCept512), to show an excellent generalization beyond the test set (0.921 SROCC), to the current state-of-the-art database LIVE-in-the-Wild (0.825 SROCC). The model derives its core performance from the InceptionResNet architecture, being trained at a higher resolution than previous models (512 × 384). Correlation analysis shows that KonCept512 performs similar to having 9 subjective scores for each test image.

Abstract

We propose an effective deep learning approach to aesthetics quality assessment that relies on a new type of pre-trained features, and apply it to the AVA data set, the currently largest aesthetics database. While previous approaches miss some of the information in the original images, due to taking small crops, down-scaling or warping the originals during training, we propose the first method that efficiently supports full resolution images as an input, and can be trained on variable input sizes. This allows us to significantly improve upon the state of the art, increasing the Spearman rank-order correlation coefficient (SRCC) of ground-truth mean opinion scores (MOS) from the existing best reported of 0.612 to 0.756. To achieve this performance, we extract multi-level spatially pooled (MLSP) features from all convolutional blocks of a pre-trained InceptionResNet-v2 network, and train a custom shallow Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architecture on these new features.

Abstract

Analysing and understanding brain function and disorder is the main focus of neuroscience. Due to the high complexity of the brain, directionality of the signal and changing activity over time, visual exploration and data analysis are difficult. For this reason, a vast amount of research challenges are still unsolved. We explored different challenges of the visual analysis of brain data and the design of corresponding immersive environments in collaboration with experts from the biomedical domain. We built a prototype of an immersive virtual reality environment to explore the design space and to investigate how brain data analysis can be supported by a variety of design choices. Our environment can be used to study the effect of different visualisations and combinations of brain data representation, as for example network layouts, anatomical mapping or time series. As a long-term goal, we aim to aid neuro-scientists in a better understanding of brain function and disorder.

Abstract

The recent availability of affordable and lightweight tracking sensors allows researchers to collect large and complex movement datasets. These datasets require applications that are capable of handling them whilst providing an environment that enables the analyst(s) to focus on the task of analysing the movement in the context of the geographic environment it occurred in. We present a framework for collaborative analysis of geospatial-temporal movement data with a use-case in collective behavior analysis. It supports the concurrent usage of several program instances, allowing to have different perspectives on the same data in collocated or remote setups. The implementation can be deployed in a variety of immersive environments, e.g. on a tiled display wall or mobile VR devices.

Abstract

Understanding the movement of animals is important for a wide range of scientific interests including migration, disease spread, collective movement behaviour and analysing motion in relation to dynamic changes of the environment such as wind and thermal lifts. Particularly, the three-dimensional (3D) spatial–temporal nature of bird movement data, which is widely available with high temporal and spatial resolution at large volumes, presents a natural option to explore the potential of immersive analytics (IA). We investigate the requirements and benefits of a wide range of immersive environments for explorative visualization and analytics of 3D movement data, in particular regarding design considerations for such 3D immersive environments, and present prototypes for IA solutions. Tailored to biologists studying bird movement data, the immersive solutions enable geo-locational time-series data to be investigated interactively, thus enabling experts to visually explore interesting angles of a flock and its behaviour in the context of the environment. The 3D virtual world presents the audience with engaging and interactive content, allowing users to ‘fly with the flock’, with the potential to ascertain an intuitive overview of often complex datasets, and to provide the opportunity thereby to formulate and at least qualitatively assess hypotheses. This work also contributes to ongoing research efforts to promote better understanding of bird migration and the associated environmental factors at the global scale, thereby providing a visual vehicle for driving public awareness of environmental issues and bird migration patterns.

Abstract

Recent advances in tracking technology allow biologists to collect large amounts of movement data for a variety of species. Analysis of the collected data supports research on animal behaviour, influence of impact factors such as climate change and human intervention, as well as conservation programs. Analysis of the movement data is difficult, due to the nature of the research questions and the complexity of the data sets. It requires both automated analysis, e.g. for the detection of behavioural patterns, and human inspection, e.g. for interpretation, inclusion of previous knowledge, and for conclusions on future actions and decision making. We present a concept and implementation for the visual analysis of cheetah movement data in a web-based fashion that allows usage both in the field and in office environments.

Abstract

Current artificially distorted image quality assessment (IQA) databases are small in size and limited in content. Larger IQA databases that are diverse in content could benefit the development of deep learning for IQA. We create two datasets, the Konstanz Artificially Distorted Image quality Database (KADID-10k) and the Konstanz Artificially Distorted Image quality Set (KADIS-700k). The former contains 81 pristine images, each degraded by 25 distortions in 5 levels. The latter has 140,000 pristine images, with 5 degraded versions each, where the distortions are chosen randomly. We conduct a subjective IQA crowdsourcing study on KADID-10k to yield 30 degradation category ratings (DCRs) per image. We believe that the annotated set KADID-10k, together with the unlabelled set KADIS-700k, can enable the full potential of deep learning based IQA methods by means of weakly-supervised learning.

Abstract

Current benchmarks for optical flow algorithms evaluate the estimation quality by comparing their predicted flow field with the ground truth, and additionally may compare interpolated frames, based on these predictions, with the correct frames from the actual image sequences. For the latter comparisons, objective measures such as mean square errors are applied. However, for applications like image interpolation, the expected user's quality of experience cannot be fully deduced from such simple quality measures. Therefore, we conducted a subjective quality assessment study by crowdsourcing for the interpolated images provided in one of the optical flow benchmarks, the Middlebury benchmark. We used paired comparisons with forced choice and reconstructed absolute quality scale values according to Thurstone's model using the classical least squares method. The results give rise to a re-ranking of 141 participating algorithms w.r.t. visual quality of interpolated frames mostly based on optical flow estimation. Our re-ranking result shows the necessity of visual quality assessment as another evaluation metric for optical flow and frame interpolation benchmarks.

Abstract

Star glyphs are a well-researched visualization technique to repre-sent multi-dimensional data. They are often used in small multiplesettings for a visual comparison of many data points. However, theiroverall visual appearance is strongly influenced by the ordering of di-mensions. To this end, two orthogonal categories of layout strategiesare proposed in the literature: order dimensions bysimilarityto gethomogeneously shaped glyphs vs. order bydissimilarityto empha-size spikes and salient shapes. While there is evidence that salientshapes support clustering tasks, evaluation, and direct comparisonof data-driven ordering strategies has not received much researchattention. We contribute an empirical user study to evaluate the effi-ciency, effectiveness, and user confidence in visual clustering tasksusing star glyphs. In comparison to similarity-based ordering, ourresults indicate that dissimilarity-based star glyph layouts supportusers better in clustering tasks, especially when clutter is present.

Abstract

This work presents a visual analytics approach to explore microsaccade distributions in high-frequency eye tracking data. Research studies often apply filter algorithms and parameter values for microsaccade detection. Even when the same algorithms are employed, different parameter values might be adopted across different studies. In this paper, we present a visual analytics system (VisME) to promote reproducibility in the data analysis of microsaccades. It allows users to interactively vary the parametric values for microsaccade filters and evaluate the resulting influence on microsaccade behavior across individuals and on a group level. In particular, we exploit brushing-and-linking techniques that allow the microsaccadic properties of space, time, and movement direction to be extracted, visualized, and compared across multiple views. We demonstrate in a case study the use of our visual analytics system on data sets collected from natural scene viewing and show in a qualitative usability study the usefulness of this approach for eye tracking researchers. We believe that interactive tools such as VisME will promote greater transparency in eye movement research by providing researchers with the ability to easily understand complex eye tracking data sets; such tools can also serve as teaching systems. VisME is provided as open source software.

Abstract

The advent of modern and affordable augmented reality head sets like Microsoft HoloLens has sparked new interest in using virtual and augmented reality technology in the analysis of molecular data. For all visualisation in immersive, mixed-reality scenarios, a sufficiently high rendering speed is an important factor, which leads to the issue of limited processing power available on fully untethered devices facing the situation of handling computationally expensive visualisations. Recent research shows that the space-filling model of even small data sets from the Protein Data Bank (PDB) cannot be rendered at desirable frame rates on the HoloLens. In this work, we report on how to improve the rendering speed of atom-based visualisation of proteins and how the rendering of more abstract representations of the molecules compares against it. We complement our findings with in-depth GPU and CPU performance numbers.

Abstract

Handheld Augmented Reality (AR) displays offer a see-through option to create the illusion of virtual objects being integrated into the viewer’s physical environment. Some AR display technologies also allow for the deactivation of the see-through option, turning AR tablets into Virtual Reality (VR) devices that integrate the virtual objects into an exclusively virtual environment. Both display configurations are typically available on handheld devices, raising the question of their influence on users’ experience during collaborative activities. In two experiments, we studied how the different display configurations influence user experience, workload, and team performance of co-located and distributed collaborators during a spatial referencing task. A mixed-methods approach revealed that participants’ opinions were polarized towards the two display configurations, regardless of the spatial distribution of collaboration. Based on our findings, we identify critical aspects to be addressed in future research to better understand and support co-located and distributed collaboration using AR and VR displays.

Abstract

Parallel coordinates are a popular technique to visualize multidimensional data. However, they face a significant problem influencing the perception and interpretation of patterns. The distance between two parallel lines differs based on their slope. Vertical lines are rendered longer and closer to each other than horizontal lines. This problem is inherent in the technique and has two main consequences: (1) clusters which have a steep slope between two axes are visually more prominent than horizontal clusters. (2) Noise and clutter can be perceived as clusters, as a few parallel vertical lines visually emerge as a ghost cluster. Our paper makes two contributions: First, we formalize the problem and show its impact. Second, we present a novel technique to reduce the effects by rendering the polylines of the parallel coordinates based on their slope: horizontal lines are rendered with the default width, lines with a steep slope with a thinner line. Our technique avoids density distortions of clusters, can be computed in linear time, and can be added on top of most parallel coordinate variations. To demonstrate the usefulness, we show examples and compare them to the classical rendering.

Abstract

The IEEE SciVis 2019 Contest targets the visual analysis of structure formation in the cosmic evolution of the universe from when the universe was five million years old up to now. In our submission, we analyze high-dimensional data to get an overview, then investigate the impact of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs) using various visualization techniques, for instance, an adapted filament filtering method for detailed analysis and particle flow in the vicinity of filaments. Based on feedback from domain scientists on these initial visualizations, we also analyzed X-ray emissions and star formation areas. The conversion of star-forming gas to stars and the resulting increasing molecular weight of the particles could be observed.

Abstract

Language change is often assessed against a set of pre-determined time periods in order to be able to trace its diachronic trajectory. This is problematic, since a pre-determined periodization might obscure significant developments and lead to false assumptions about the data. Moreover, these time periods can be based on factors which are either arbitrary or non-linguistic, e.g., dividing the corpus data into equidistant stages or taking into account language-external events. Addressing this problem, in this paper we present a data-driven approach to periodization: `DiaHClust'. DiaHClust is based on iterative hierarchical clustering and offers a multi-layered perspective on change from text-level to broader time periods. We demonstrate the usefulness of DiaHClust via a case study investigating syntactic change in Icelandic, modelling the syntactic system of the language in terms of vectors of syntactic change.

Abstract

Historical change typically is the result of complex interactions between several linguistic factors. Identifying the relevant factors and understanding how they interact across the temporal dimension is the core remit of historical linguistics. With respect to corpus work, this entails a separate annotation, extraction and painstaking pair-wise comparison of the relevant bits of information. This paper presents a significant extension of HistoBankVis, a multilayer visualization system which allows a fast and interactive exploration of complex linguistic data. Linguistic factors can be understood as data dimensions which show complex interrelationships. We model these relationships with the Parallel Sets technique. We demonstrate the powerful potential of this technique by applying the system to understanding the interaction of case, grammatical relations and word order in the history of Icelandic.

Abstract

Visual analytics (VA) research provides helpful solutions for interactive visual data analysis when exploring large and complex datasets. Due to recent advances in eye tracking technology, promising opportunities arise to extend these traditional VA approaches. Therefore, we discuss foundations for eye tracking support in VA systems. We first review and discuss the structure and range of typical VA systems. Based on a widely used VA model, we present five comprehensive examples that cover a wide range of usage scenarios. Then, we demonstrate that the VA model can be used to systematically explore how concrete VA systems could be extended with eye tracking, to create supportive and adaptive analytics systems. This allows us to identify general research and application opportunities, and classify them into research themes. In a call for action, we map the road for future research to broaden the use of eye tracking and advance visual analytics.

Abstract

The Tiled Stereoscopic 3D Display Wall (TS3DW) is a monitor system consisting of six consumer 3D TVs. Two monitors reside on a mobile display mount. One standard configuration is to use them in a 135-degree angle to each other, having one mobile mount in the center, and one at each side. In this way, the system can be transported to multiple locations across a campus as well as used in different application scenarios. This system was already used for a number of research projects and presentations.

Abstract

Selecting a good aspect ratio is crucial for effective 2D diagrams. There are several aspect ratio selection methods for function plots and line charts, but only few can handle general, discrete diagrams such as 2D scatter plots. However, these methods either lack a perceptual foundation or heavily rely on intermediate isoline representations, which depend on choosing the right isovalues and are time-consuming to compute. This paper introduces a general image-based approach for selecting aspect ratios for a wide variety of 2D diagrams, ranging from scatter plots and density function plots to line charts. Our approach is derived from Federer's co-area formula and a line integral representation that enable us to directly construct image-based versions of existing selection methods using density fields. In contrast to previous methods, our approach bypasses isoline computation, so it is faster to compute, while following the perceptual foundation to select aspect ratios. Furthermore, this approach is complemented by an anisotropic kernel density estimation to construct density fields, allowing us to more faithfully characterize data patterns, such as the subgroups in scatterplots or dense regions in time series. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach by quantitatively comparing to previous methods and revisiting a prior user study. Finally, we present extensions for ROI banking, multi-scale banking, and the application to image data.

Abstract

In this paper, we examine the robustness of scagnostics through a series of theoretical and empirical studies. First, we investigate the sensitivity of scagnostics by employing perturbing operations on more than 60M synthetic and real-world scatterplots. We found that two scagnostic measures, Outlying and Clumpy, are overly sensitive to data binning. To understand how these measures align with human judgments of visual features, we conducted a study with 24 participants, which reveals that i) humans are not sensitive to small perturbations of the data that cause large changes in both measures, and ii) the perception of clumpiness heavily depends on per-cluster topologies and structures. Motivated by these results, we propose Robust Scagnostics (RScag) by combining adaptive binning with a hierarchy-based form of scagnostics. An analysis shows that RScag improves on the robustness of original scagnostics, aligns better with human judgments, and is equally fast as the traditional scagnostic measures.

Abstract

We present a visualization approach for the analysis of CO 2 bubble-induced attenuation in porous rock formations. As a basis for this, we introduce customized techniques to extract CO 2 bubbles and their surrounding porous structure from X-ray computed tomography data (XCT) measurements. To understand how the structure of porous media influences the occurrence and the shape of formed bubbles, we automatically classify and relate them in terms of morphology and geometric features, and further directly support searching for promising porous structures. To allow for the meaningful direct visual comparison of bubbles and their structures, we propose a customized registration technique considering the bubble shape as well as its points of contact with the porous media surface. With our quantitative extraction of geometric bubble features, we further support the analysis as well as the creation of a physical model. We demonstrate that our approach was successfully used to answer several research questions in the domain, and discuss its high practical relevance to identify critical seismic characteristics of fluid-saturated rock that govern its capability to store CO 2.

Abstract

In this paper, we propose a perceptually-guided visualization sharpening technique. We analyze the spectral behavior of an established comprehensive perceptual model to arrive at our approximated model based on an adapted weighting of the bandpass images from a Gaussian pyramid. The main benefit of this approximated model is its controllability and predictability for sharpening color-mapped visualizations. Our method can be integrated into any visualization tool as it adopts generic image-based post-processing, and it is intuitive and easy to use as viewing distance is the only parameter. Using highly diverse datasets, we show the usefulness of our method across a wide range of typical visualizations.

Abstract

We present LOOM (Line-Ordering Optimized Maps), a fully automatic generator of geographically accurate transit maps. The input to LOOM is data about the lines of a given transit network, namely for each line, the sequence of stations it serves and the geographical course the vehicles of this line take. We parse this data from GTFS, the prevailing standard for public transit data. LOOM proceeds in three stages: (1) construct a so-called line graph, where edges correspond to segments of the network with the same set of lines following the same course; (2) construct an ILP that yields a line ordering for each edge which minimizes the total number of line crossings and line separations; (3) based on the line graph and the ILP solution, draw the map. As a naive ILP formulation is too demanding, we derive a new custom-tailored formulation which requires significantly fewer constraints. Furthermore, we present engineering techniques which use structural properties of the line graph to further reduce the ILP size. For the subway network of New York, we can reduce the number of constraints from 229,000 in the naive ILP formulation to about 3,700 with our techniques, enabling solution times of less than a second. Since our maps respect the geography of the transit network, they can be used for tiles and overlays in typical map services. Previous research work either did not take the geographical course of the lines into account, or was concerned with schematic maps without optimizing line crossings or line separations.

Abstract

The visualization community has developed to date many intuitions and understandings of how to judge the quality of views in visualizing data. The computation of a visualization's quality and usefulness ranges from measuring clutter and overlap, up to the existence and perception of specific (visual) patterns. This survey attempts to report, categorize and unify the diverse understandings and aims to establish a common vocabulary that will enable a wide audience to understand their differences and subtleties. For this purpose, we present a commonly applicable quality metric formalization that should detail and relate all constituting parts of a quality metric. We organize our corpus of reviewed research papers along the data types established in the information visualization community: multi‐ and high‐dimensional, relational, sequential, geospatial and text data. For each data type, we select the visualization subdomains in which quality metrics are an active research field and report their findings, reason on the underlying concepts, describe goals and outline the constraints and requirements. One central goal of this survey is to provide guidance on future research opportunities for the field and outline how different visualization communities could benefit from each other by applying or transferring knowledge to their respective subdomain. Additionally, we aim to motivate the visualization community to compare computed measures to the perception of humans.

Abstract

Tools for visual data exploration allow users to visually browse through and analyze datasets to possibly reveal interesting infor- mation hidden in the data that users are a priori unaware of. Such tools rely on both query recommendations to select data to be visualized and visualization recommendations for these data to best support users in their visual data exploration process. EVLIN ( e xploring v isually with lin eage) is a system that assists users in visually exploring relational data stored in a data ware- house. EVLIN implements novel techniques for recommending both queries and their result visualization in an integrated and interactive way 3 . Recommendations rely on provenance (aka lineage) that describes the production process of displayed data . The demonstration of EVLIN includes an introduction to its features and functionality through sample exploration sessions. Conference attendees will then have the opportunity to gain hands- on experience of provenance-based visual data exploration by performing their own exploration sessions. These sessions will explore real-world data from several domains. While exploration sessions use a Web-based visual interface, the demonstration also features a researcher console, where attendees may have a look behind the scenes to get a more in-depth understanding of the underlying recommendation algorithms. Fachgebiet (DDC): 004 Informatik

Abstract

We present SMARTEXPLORE, a novel visual analytics technique that simplifies the identification and understanding of clusters, correlations, and complex patterns in high-dimensional data. The analysis is integrated into an interactive table-based visualization that maintains a consistent and familiar representation throughout the analysis. The visualization is tightly coupled with pattern matching, subspace analysis, reordering, and layout algorithms. To increase the analyst's trust in the revealed patterns, SMARTEXPLORE automatically selects and computes statistical measures based on dimension and data properties. While existing approaches to analyzing high-dimensional data (e.g., planar projections and Parallel coordinates) have proven effective, they typically have steep learning curves for non-visualization experts. Our evaluation, based on three expert case studies, confirms that non-visualization experts successfully reveal patterns in high-dimensional data when using SMARTEXPLORE

Abstract

Take-over requests (TORs) in highly automated vehicles are cues that prompt users to resume control. TORs however, are often evaluated in non-moving driving simulators. This ignores the role of motion, an important source of information for users who have their eyes off the road while engaged in non-driving related tasks. We ran a user study in a moving-base driving simulator to investigate the effect of motion on TOR responses. We found that with motion, user responses to TORs vary depending on the road context where TORs are issued. While previous work showed that participants are fast to respond to urgent cues, we show that this is true only when TORs are presented on straight roads. Urgent cues issued on curved roads elicit slower responses than non-urgent cues on curved roads. Our findings indicate that TORs should be designed to be aware of road context to accommodate natural user responses.

Abstract

We present an approach for interactively analyzing large dynamic graphs consisting of several thousand time steps with a particular focus on temporal aspects. we employ a static representation of the time-varying graph based on the concept of space-time cubes, i.e., we create a volumetric representation of the graph by stacking the adjacency matrices of each of its time steps. To achieve an efficient analysis of complex data, we discuss three classes of analytics methods of particular importance in this context: data views, aggregation and filtering, and comparison. For these classes, we present a GPU-based implementation of respective analysis methods that enable the interactive analysis of large graphs. We demonstrate the utility as well as the scalability of our approach by presenting application examples for analyzing different time-varying data sets.

Abstract

This special interest group addresses the status quo of HCI research with regards to research practices of transparency and openness. Specifically, it discusses whether current practices are in line with the standards applied to other fields (e.g., psychology, economics, medicine). It seeks to identify current practices that are more progressive and worth communicating to other disciplines, while evaluating whether practices in other disciplines are likely to apply to HCI research constructively. Potential outcomes include: (1) a review of current HCI research policies, (2) a report on recommended practices, and (3) a replication project of key findings in HCI research.

Abstract

Analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) plays a pivotal role in uncovering an understanding of the brain. fMRI data contain both spatial volume and temporal signal information, which provide a depiction of brain activity. The analysis pipeline, however, is hampered by numerous uncertainties in many of the steps; often seen as one of the last hurdles for the domain. In this review, we categorise fMRI research into three pipeline phases: (i) image acquisition and processing; (ii) image analysis; and (iii) visualisation and human interpretation, to explore the uncertainties that arise in each phase, including the compound effects due to the inter-dependence of steps. Attempts at mitigating uncertainties rely on providing interactive visual analytics that aid users in understanding the effects of the uncertainties and adjusting their analyses. This impetus for visual analytics comes in light of considerable research investigating uncertainty throughout the pipeline. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is yet to be a comprehensive review on the importance and utility of uncertainty visual analytics (UVA) in addressing fMRI concerns, which we term fMRI-UVA. Such techniques have been broadly implemented in related biomedical fields, and its potential for fMRI has recently been explored; however, these attempts are limited in their scope and utility, primarily focussing on addressing small parts of single pipeline phases. Our comprehensive review of the fMRI uncertainties from the perspective of visual analytics addresses the three identified phases in the pipeline. We also discuss the two interrelated approaches for future research opportunities for fMRI-UVA.

Abstract

Background Despite the rigorous control of tap water quality, substantial price differences, and environmental concerns, bottled water consumption has increased in recent decades. To facilitate healthy and sustainable consumer choices, a deeper understanding of this "water consumption paradox" is needed. Therefore, the aim of the two present studies was to examine health-related beliefs and risk perceptions and their accuracy by implementing a combined product- and consumer-oriented approach. Methods An online survey (N = 578) and a blind taste test (N = 99) assessed perceptions and behaviors for tap and bottled water within primarily tap and bottled water consumers in a fully crossed design. The combined product- and consumer-oriented approach yielded significant consumer × product interaction effects. Results The two consumer groups showed “polarized” ratings regarding perceived quality/hygiene, health risks and taste for bottled and tap water, indicating that the two consumer groups substantially diverged in their beliefs. However, in the blind taste test, neither consumer group was able to distinguish tap from bottled water samples (consumer perspective). Moreover, tap or bottled water samples did not systemically vary in their ascribed health-risk or taste characteristics (product perspective). Conclusions Although the two consumer groups differ greatly in their beliefs, the perceived health risk and taste differences seem to reflect illusionary beliefs rather than actual experiences or product characteristics. Public health campaigns should address these illusions to promote healthy and sustainable consumer choices.

Abstract

In the era of ubiquitous computing, people expect applications to work across different devices. To provide a seamless user experience it is therefore crucial that interfaces and interactions are consistent across different device types. In this paper, we present a method to create gesture sets that are consistent and easily transferable. Our proposed method entails 1) the gesture elicitation on each device type, 2) the consolidation of a unified gesture set, and 3) a final validation by calculating a transferability score. We tested our approach by eliciting a set of user-defined gestures for reading with Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP) of text for three device types: phone, watch, and glasses. We present the resulting, unified gesture set for RSVP reading and show the feasibility of our method to elicit gesture sets that are consistent across device types with different form factors.

Abstract

We visualize contours for spatio‐temporal processes to indicate where and when non‐continuous changes occur or spatial bounds are encountered. All time steps are comprised densely in one visualization, with contours allowing to efficiently analyze processes in the data even in case of spatial or temporal overlap. Contours are determined on the basis of deep raycasting that collects samples across time and depth along each ray. For each sample along a ray, its closest neighbors from adjacent rays are identified, considering time, depth, and value in the process. Large distances are represented as contours in image space, using color to indicate temporal occurrence. This contour representation can easily be combined with volume rendering‐based techniques, providing both full spatial detail for individual time steps and an outline of the whole time series in one view. Our view‐dependent technique supports efficient progressive computation, and requires no prior assumptions regarding the shape or nature of processes in the data. We discuss and demonstrate the performance and utility of our approach via a variety of data sets, comparison and combination with an alternative technique, and feedback by a domain scientist.

Abstract

We present an approach that dynamically adapts encoder settings for image tiles to yield the best possible quality for a given bandwidth. This reduces the overall size of the image while preserving details. Our application determines the encoding settings in two steps. In the first step, we predict the quality and size of the tiles for different encoding settings using a convolutional neural network. In the second step, we assign the optimal encoder setting to each tile, so that the overall size of the image is lower than a predetermined threshold. Commonly, for tiles that contain complicated structures, a high quality setting is used in order to prevent major information loss, while quality settings are lowered for others to keep the size below the threshold. We demonstrate that we can reduce the overall size of the image while preserving the details in areas of interest using the example of both particle and volume visualisation applications.

Abstract

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells have been in the focus of research for more than a decade, in particular due to its use as alternative source for energy production. However, the molecular processes in these cells are still not completely known, and 3D visualisations may help to understand these complex interactions and processes. In previous work, we presented the stereoscopic 3D (S3D) visualisation of a complete Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cell created with the 3D modelling framework Blender. This animation contained already a scene showing an illustrative membrane model of the thylakoid membrane. During discussion with domain experts, shortcomings of the visualisation for several detailed analysis questions have been identified and it was decided to redefine it.A new modelling and visualisation pipeline based on a Membrane Packing Algorithm was developed, which can be configured via a user interface, enabling the composition of membranes employing published material. An expert user study was conducted to evaluate this new approach, with half the participants having a biology and the other half having an informatics background. The new and old Chlamydomonas thylakoid membrane models were presented on a S3D back projection system. The evaluation results reveal that the majority of participants preferred the new, more realistic membrane visualisation. However, the opinion varied with the expertise, leading to valuable conclusions for future visualisations. Interestingly, the S3D presentation of molecular structures lead to a positive change in opinion regarding S3D technology.

Abstract

By orienting attention, auditory cues can improve the discrimination of spatially congruent visual targets. Looming sounds that increase in intensity are processed preferentially by the brain. Thus, we investigated whether auditory looming cues can orient visuo-spatial attention more effectively than static and receding sounds. Specifically, different auditory cues could redirect attention away from a continuous central visuo-motor tracking task to peripheral visual targets that appeared occasionally. To investigate the time course of crossmodal cuing, Experiment 1 presented visual targets at different time-points across a 500 ms auditory cue’s presentation. No benefits were found for simultaneous audio-visual cue-target presentation. The largest crossmodal benefit occurred at early cue-target asynchrony onsets (i.e., CTOA = 250 ms), regardless of auditory cue type, which diminished at CTOA = 500 ms for static and receding cues. However, auditory looming cues showed a late crossmodal cuing benefit at CTOA = 500 ms. Experiment 2 showed that this late auditory looming cue benefit was independent of the cue’s intensity when the visual target appeared. Thus, we conclude that the late crossmodal benefit throughout an auditory looming cue’s presentation is due to its increasing intensity profile. The neural basis for this benefit and its ecological implications are discussed.

Abstract

Design recommendations for notifications are typically based on user performance and subjective feedback. In comparison, there has been surprisingly little research on how designed notifications might be processed by the brain for the information they convey. The current study uses EEG/ERP methods to evaluate auditory notifications that were designed to cue long-distance truck drivers for task-management and driving conditions, particularly for automated driving scenarios. Two experiments separately evaluated naive students and professional truck drivers for their behavioral and brain responses to auditory notifications, which were either auditory icons or verbal commands. Our EEG/ERP results suggest that verbal commands were more readily recognized by the brain as relevant targets, but that auditory icons were more likely to update contextual working memory. Both classes of notifications did not differ on behavioral measures. This suggests that auditory icons ought to be employed for communicating contextual information and verbal commands, for urgent requests.

Abstract

Even if you have spent some time reading about machine learning, chances are that you have never heard of Gaussian processes. And if you have, rehearsing the basics is always a good way to refresh your memory. With this blog post we want to give an introduction to Gaussian processes and make the mathematical intuition behind them more approachable. Gaussian processes are a powerful tool in the machine learning toolbox. They allow us to make predictions about our data by incorporating prior knowledge. Their most obvious area of application is fitting a function to the data. This is called regression and is used, for example, in robotics or time series forecasting. But Gaussian processes are not limited to regression — they can also be extended to classification and clustering tasks. For a given set of training points, there are potentially infinitely many functions that fit the data. Gaussian processes offer an elegant solution to this problem by assigning a probability to each of these functions. The mean of this probability distribution then represents the most probable characterization of the data. Furthermore, using a probabilistic approach allows us to incorporate the confidence of the prediction into the regression result. We will first explore the mathematical foundation that Gaussian processes are built on — we invite you to follow along using the interactive figures and hands-on examples. They help to explain the impact of individual components, and show the flexibility of Gaussian processes. After following this article we hope that you will have a visual intuition on how Gaussian processes work and how you can configure them for different types of data.

Abstract

We present a novel type of circular treemap, where we intentionally allocate extra space for additional visual variables. With this extended visual design space, we encode hierarchically structured data along with their uncertainties in a combined diagram. We introduce a hierarchical and force-based circle-packing algorithm to compute Bubble Treemaps, where each node is visualized using nested contour arcs. Bubble Treemaps do not require any color or shading, which offers additional design choices. We explore uncertainty visualization as an application of our treemaps using standard error and Monte Carlo-based statistical models. To this end, we discuss how uncertainty propagates within hierarchies. Furthermore, we show the effectiveness of our visualization using three different examples: the package structure of Flare, the S&P 500 index, and the US consumer expenditure survey

Abstract

We propose a screening approach to find reliable and effectively expert crowd workers in image quality assessment (IQA). Our method measures the users' ability to identify image degradations by using test questions, together with several relaxed reliability checks. We conduct multiple experiments, obtaining reproducible results with a high agreement between the expertise-screened crowd and the freelance experts of 0.95 Spearman rank order correlation (SROCC), with one restriction on the image type. Our contributions include a reliability screening method for uninformative users, a new type of test questions that rely on our proposed database 1 of pristine and artificially distorted images, a group agreement extrapolation method and an analysis of the crowdsourcing experiments.

Abstract

Recent research has demonstrated the benefits of mixedrealities for information visualisation. Often the focus lieson the visualisation itself, leaving interaction opportunitiesthrough different modalities largely unexplored. Yet, mixedreality in particular can benefit from a combination of differ-ent modalities. This work examines an existing mixed realityvisualisation which is combined with a large tabletop fortouch interaction. Although this allows for familiar operation,the approach comes with some limitations which we ad-dress by employing mobile devices, thus adding tangibilityand proxemics as input modalities

Abstract

Fitness trackers not just provide easy means to acquire physiological data in real-world environments due to affordable sensing technologies, they further offer opportunities for physiology-aware applications and studies in HCI; however, their performance is not well understood. In this paper, we report findings on the quality of 3 sensing technologies: PPG-based wrist trackers (Apple Watch, Microsoft Band 2), an ECG-belt (Polar H7) and reference device with stick-on ECG electrodes (Nexus 10). We collected physiological (heart rate, electrodermal activity, skin temperature) and subjective data from 21 participants performing combinations of physical activity and stressful tasks. Our empirical research indicates that wrist devices provide a good sensing performance in stationary settings. However, they lack accuracy when participants are mobile or if tasks require physical activity. Based on our findings, we suggest a textitDesign Space for Wearables in Research Settings and reflected on the appropriateness of the investigated technologies in research contexts.

Abstract

Ensuring sufficient quality of iris images acquired by handheld imaging devices in visible light poses many challenges to iris recognition systems. Many distortions affect the input iris images, and the source and types of these distortions are unknown in uncontrolled environments. We propose a fast no-reference image quality assessment measure for predicting iris image quality to handle severely degraded iris images. The proposed differential sign-magnitude statistics index (DSMI) is based on statistical features of the local difference sign-magnitude transform, which are computed by comparing the local mean with the central pixel of the patch and considering the noticeable variations. The experiments, conducted with a reference iris recognition system and three visible light datasets, showed that the quality of iris images strongly affects the recognition performance. Using the proposed method as a quality filtering step improved the performance of the iris recognition system by rejecting poor quality iris samples.

Abstract

Mastering fine motor tasks, such as playing the guitar, takes years of time-consuming practice. Commonly, expensive guidance by experts is essential for adjusting the training program to the student's proficiency. In our work, we showcase the suitability of Electromyography to detect fine-grained hand and finger postures in an exemplary guitar tutor scenario. We present EMGuitar, an interactive guitar tutoring system, that assists students by reporting on play correctness and adjusts playback tempi automatically. We report person-dependent classification utilizing a ring of electrodes around the forearm with an F1 score of up to 0.89 on recorded calibration data. Furthermore, our system was received well by neither diminishing ease of use nor being disruptive for the participants. Based on the received comments, we identified the need for detailed play accuracy feedback down to individual chords, for which we suggest an adapted visualization and an algorithmic approach.

Abstract

The emerging field of Immersive Analytics investigates how novel display and interaction technologies can enable people to better explore and analyse data and complex information. Collaboration is a crucial aspect of Immersive Analytics. In this paper we present ContextuWall, a system for interactive local and remote collaboration using touch and mobile devices as well as displays of various sizes. The system enables groups of users located on different sites to share content to a jointly used virtual desktop which is accessible over a secured network. This virtual desktop can be shown on different large displays simultaneously, taking advantage of their high resolution. To enable users to intuitively share, arrange as well as annotate image content, a purpose-built client software has been developed and can easily be adapted with plug-ins for existing data analytics software. We show exemplary use cases and describe the system architecture and its implementation.

Abstract

Entering text is one of the most common tasks when interacting with computing systems. Virtual Reality (VR) presents a challenge as neither the user's hands nor the physical input devices are directly visible. Hence, conventional desktop peripherals are very slow, imprecise, and cumbersome. We developed a apparatus that tracks the user's hands, and a physical keyboard, and visualize them in VR. In a text input study with 32 participants, we investigated the achievable text entry speed and the effect of hand representations and transparency on typing performance, workload, and presence. With our apparatus, experienced typists benefited from seeing their hands, and reach almost outside-VR performance. Inexperienced typists profited from semi-transparent hands, which enabled them to type just 5.6 WPM slower than with a regular desktop setup. We conclude that optimizing the visualization of hands in VR is important, especially for inexperienced typists, to enable a high typing performance.

Abstract

Manual assembly at production is a mentally demanding task. With rapid prototyping and smaller production lot sizes, this results in frequent changes of assembly instructions that have to be memorized by workers. Assistive systems compensate this increase in mental workload by providing "just-in-time" assembly instructions through in-situ projections. The implementation of such systems and their benefits to reducing mental workload have previously been justified with self-perceived ratings. However, there is no evidence by objective measures if mental workload is reduced by in-situ assistance. In our work, we showcase electroencephalography (EEG) as a complementary evaluation tool to assess cognitive workload placed by two different assistive systems in an assembly task, namely paper instructions and in-situ projections. We identified the individual EEG bandwidth that varied with changes in working memory load. We show, that changes in the EEG bandwidth are found between paper instructions and in-situ projections, indicating that they reduce working memory compared to paper instructions. Our work contributes by demonstrating how design claims of cognitive demand can be validated. Moreover, it directly evaluates the use of assistive systems for delivering context-aware information. We analyze the characteristics of EEG as real-time assessment for cognitive workload to provide insights regarding the mental demand placed by assistive systems.

Abstract

Within this paper we propose an end-to-end approach for classifying terrestrial images of building facades into five different utility classes (commercial, hybrid, residential, specialUse, underConstruction) by using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). For our examples we use images provided by Google Street View. These images are automatically linked to a coarse city model, including the outlines of the buildings as well as their respective use classes. By these means an extensive dataset is available for training and evaluation of our Deep Learning pipeline. The paper describes the implemented end-to-end approach for classifying street-level images of building facades and discusses our experiments with various CNNs. In addition to the classification results, so-called Class Activation Maps (CAMs) are evaluated. These maps give further insights into decisive facade parts that are learned as features during the training process. Furthermore, they can be used for the generation of abstract presentations which facilitate the comprehension of semantic image content. The abstract representations are a result of the stippling method, an importance-based image rendering.

Abstract

We present a real-time pipeline for large-scale 3D scenereconstruction from a single moving RGB-D camera to-gether with interactive visualization. Our approach com-bines a time and space efficient data structure capable ofrepresenting large scenes, a local variational update algo-rithm and a visualization system. The environment’s struc-ture is reconstructed by integrating the depth image of eachcamera view into a sparse volume representation using atruncated signed distance function, which is organized viaa hash table. Noise from real-world data is efficiently elim-inated by immediately performing local variational refine-ments on newly integrated data. The whole pipeline is ableto perform in real-time on consumer-available hardwareand allows for simultaneous inspection of the currently re-constructed scene.

Abstract

Immersive Analytics is a new research initiative that aims to remove barriers between people, their data and the tools they use for analysis and decision making. Here the aims of immersive analytics research are clarified, its opportunities and historical context, as well as providing a broad research agenda for the field. In addition, it is reviewed how the term immersion has been used to refer to both technological and psychological immersion, both of which are central to immersive analytics research.

Abstract

Pipeline approaches that interpolate and refine an initial set of point correspondenceshave recently shown a good performance in the field of optical flow estimation. However,so far, these methods are typically restricted to two frames which makes exploiting tem-poral information difficult. In this paper, we show how such pipeline approaches can beextended to the temporal domain and how directional constraints can be incorporated tofurther improve the estimation. To this end, we not only suggest to exploit temporal infor-mation in the prefiltering step, we also propose a trajectorial refinement method that liftssuccessful concepts of recent variational two-frame methods to the multi-frame domain.Experiments demonstrate the usefulness of our pipeline approach. They do not only showgood results in general, they also demonstrate the clear benefits of using multiple framesand of imposing directional constraints on the prefiltering step and the refinement.

Abstract

Temporal coherence is a valuable source of information in the context of optical flow estimation. However, finding a suitable motion model to leverage this information is a non-trivial task. In this paper we propose an unsupervised online learning approach based on a convolutional neural network (CNN) that estimates such a motion model individually for each frame. By relating forward and backward motion these learned models not only allow to infer valuable motion information based on the backward flow, they also help to improve the performance at occlusions, where a reliable prediction is particularly useful. Moreover, our learned models are spatially variant and hence allow to estimate non-rigid motion per construction. This, in turns, allows to overcome the major limitation of recent rigidity-based approaches that seek to improve the estimation by incorporating additional stereo/SfM constraints. Experiments demonstrate the usefulness of our new approach. They not only show a consistent improvement of up to 27% for all major benchmarks (KITTI 2012, KITTI 2015, MPI Sintel) compared to a baseline without prediction, they also show top results for the MPI Sintel benchmark -- the one of the three benchmarks that contains the largest amount of non-rigid motion.

Abstract

Many recent energy-based methods for optical flow estimation rely on a good initialization that is typically provided by some kind of feature matching. So far, however, these initial matching approaches are rather general: They do not incorporate any additional information that could help to improve the accuracy or the robustness of the estimation. In particular, they do not exploit potential cues on the camera poses and the thereby induced rigid motion of the scene. In the present paper, we tackle this problem. To this end, we propose a novel structure-from-motion-aware PatchMatch approach that, in contrast to existing matching techniques, combines two hierarchical feature matching methods: a recent two-frame PatchMatch approach for optical flow estimation (general motion) and a specifically tailored three-frame PatchMatch approach for rigid scene reconstruction (SfM). While the motion PatchMatch serves as baseline with good accuracy, the SfM counterpart takes over at occlusions and other regions with insufficient information. Experiments with our novel SfM-aware PatchMatch approach demonstrate its usefulness. They not only show excellent results for all major benchmarks (KITTI 2012/2015, MPI Sintel), but also improvements up to 50% compared to a PatchMatch approach without structure information.

Abstract

Shape from shading (SfS) and stereo are two fundamentally different strategies for image-based 3-D reconstruction. While approaches for SfS infer the depth solely from pixel intensities, methods for stereo are based on a matching process that establishes correspondences across images. This difference in approaching the reconstruction problem yields complementary advantages that are worthwhile being combined. So far, however, most “joint” approaches are based on an initial stereo mesh that is subsequently refined using shading information. In this paper we follow a completely different approach. We propose a joint variational method that combines both cues within a single minimisation framework. To this end, we fuse a Lambertian SfS approach with a robust stereo model and supplement the resulting energy functional with a detail-preserving anisotropic second-order smoothness term. Moreover, we extend the resulting model in such a way that it jointly estimates depth, albedo and illumination. This in turn makes the approach applicable to objects with non-uniform albedo as well as to scenes with unknown illumination. Experiments for synthetic and real-world images demonstrate the benefits of our combined approach: They not only show that our method is capable of generating very detailed reconstructions, but also that joint approaches are feasible in practice.

Abstract

One of the main challenges in no-reference video quality assessment is temporal variation in a video. Methods typically were designed and tested on videos with artificial distortions, without considering spatial and temporal variations simultaneously. We propose a no-reference spatiotemporal feature combination model which extracts spatiotemporal information from a video, and tested it on a database with authentic distortions. Comparing with other methods, our model gave satisfying performance for assessing the quality of natural videos.

Abstract

Current neuroscientific models of bodily self-consciousness (BSC) argue that inaccurate integration of sensory signals leads to altered states of BSC. Indeed, using virtual reality technology, observers viewing a fake or virtual body while being exposed to tactile stimulation of the real body, can experience illusory ownership over–and mislocalization towards—the virtual body (Full-Body Illusion, FBI). Among the sensory inputs contributing to BSC, the vestibular system is believed to play a central role due to its importance in estimating self-motion and orientation. This theory is supported by clinical evidence that vestibular loss patients are more prone to altered BSC states, and by recent experimental evidence that visuo-vestibular conflicts can disrupt BSC in healthy individuals. Nevertheless, the contribution of vestibular information and self-motion perception to BSC remains largely unexplored. Here, we investigate the relationship between alterations of BSC and self-motion sensitivity in healthy individuals. Fifteen participants were exposed to visuo-vibrotactile conflicts designed to induce an FBI, and subsequently to visual rotations that evoked illusory self-motion (vection). We found that synchronous visuo-vibrotactile stimulation successfully induced the FBI, and further observed a relationship between the strength of the FBI and the time necessary for complete vection to arise. Specifically, higher self-reported FBI scores across synchronous and asynchronous conditions were associated to shorter vection latencies. Our findings are in agreement with clinical observations that vestibular loss patients have higher FBI susceptibility and lower vection latencies, and argue for increased visual over vestibular dependency during altered states of BSC.

Abstract

Data provenance can support the understanding and debugging of complex data processing pipelines, which are for instance common in data integration scenarios. One task in data integration is entity resolution (ER), i.e., the identification of multiple representations of a same real world entity. This paper focuses of provenance modeling and capture for typical ER tasks. While our definition of ER provenance is independent of the actual language or technology used to define an ER task, the method we implement as a proof of concept instruments ER rules specified in HIL, a high-level data integration language.

Abstract

Conventional dot plots use a constant dot size and are typically applied to show the frequency distribution of small data sets. Unfortunately, they are not designed for a high dynamic range of frequencies. We address this problem by introducing nonlinear dot plots. Adopting the idea of nonlinear scaling from logarithmic bar charts, our plots allow for dots of varying size so that columns with a large number of samples are reduced in height. For the construction of these diagrams, we introduce an efficient two-way sweep algorithm that leads to a dense and symmetrical layout. We compensate aliasing artifacts at high dot densities by a specifically designed low-pass filtering method. Examples of nonlinear dot plots are compared to conventional dot plots as well as linear and logarithmic histograms. Finally, we include feedback from an expert review.

Abstract

The analysis of eye-tracking data can be very useful when evaluating controlled user studies. To support the analysis in a fast and easy fashion, we have developed a web-based framework for a visual inspection of eye-tracking data and a comparison of scanpaths based on filtering of fixations and similarity measures. Concerning the first part, we introduce a multiscale aggregation of fixations and saccades based on a spatial partitioning that reduces visual clutter of overlaid scanpaths without changing the overall impression of large-scale eye movements. The multiscale technique abstracts the individual scanpaths and allows an analyst to visually identify clusters or patterns inherent to the gaze data without the need for lengthy precomputations. For the second part, we introduce an approach where analysts can remove fixations from a pair of scanpaths in order to increase the similarity between them. This can be useful to discover and understand reasons for dissimilarity between scanpaths, data cleansing, and outlier detection. Our implementation uses the MultiMatch algorithm to predict similarities after the removal of individual fixations. Finally, we demonstrate the usefulness of our techniques in a use case with scanpaths that were recorded in a study with metro maps.

Abstract

Clustering is a core building block for data analysis, aiming to extract otherwise hidden structures and relations from raw datasets, such as particular groups that can be effectively related, compared, and interpreted. A plethora of visual-interactive cluster analysis techniques has been proposed to date, however, arriving at useful clusterings often requires several rounds of user interactions to fine-tune the data preprocessing and algorithms. We present a multi-stage Visual Analytics (VA) approach for iterative cluster refinement together with an implementation (SOMFlow) that uses Self-Organizing Maps (SOM) to analyze time series data. It supports exploration by offering the analyst a visual platform to analyze intermediate results, adapt the underlying computations, iteratively partition the data, and to reflect previous analytical activities. The history of previous decisions is explicitly visualized within a flow graph, allowing to compare earlier cluster refinements and to explore relations. We further leverage quality and interestingness measures to guide the analyst in the discovery of useful patterns, relations, and data partitions. We conducted two pair analytics experiments together with a subject matter expert in speech intonation research to demonstrate that the approach is effective for interactive data analysis, supporting enhanced understanding of clustering results as well as the interactive process itself.

Abstract

This study investigates the neural basis of inattentional deafness, which could result from task irrelevance in the auditory modality. Humans can fail to respond to auditory alarms under high workload situations. This failure, termed inattentional deafness, is often attributed to high workload in the visual modality, which reduces one’s capacity for information processing. Besides this, our capacity for processing auditory information could also be selectively diminished if there is no obvious task relevance in the auditory channel. This could be another contributing factor given the rarity of auditory warnings.

Abstract

We present a technique that conveys the uncertainty in the secondary structure of proteins-an abstraction model based on atomic coordinates. While protein data inherently contains uncertainty due to the acquisition method or the simulation algorithm, we argue that it is also worth investigating uncertainty induced by analysis algorithms that precede visualization. Our technique helps researchers investigate differences between multiple secondary structure assignment methods. We modify established algorithms for fuzzy classification and introduce a discrepancy-based approach to project an ensemble of sequences to a single importance-weighted sequence. In 2D, we depict the aggregated secondary structure assignments based on the per-residue deviation in a collapsible sequence diagram. In 3D, we extend the ribbon diagram using visual variables such as transparency, wave form, frequency, or amplitude to facilitate qualitative analysis of uncertainty. We evaluated the effectiveness and acceptance of our technique through expert reviews using two example applications: the combined assignment against established algorithms and time-dependent structural changes originating from simulated protein dynamics.

Abstract

We propose a tree visualization technique for comparison of structures and attributes across multiple hierarchies. Many software systems are structured hierarchically by design. For example, developers subdivide source code into libraries, modules, and functions. This design propagates to software configuration and business processes, rendering software hierarchies even more important. Often these structural elements are attributed with reference counts, code quality metrics, and the like. Throughout the entire software life cycle, these hierarchies are reviewed, integrated, debugged, and changed many times by different people so that the identity of a structural element and its attributes is not clearly traceable. We argue that pairwise comparison of similar trees is a tedious task due to the lack of overview, especially when applied to a large number of hierarchies. Therefore, we strive to visualize multiple similar trees as a whole by merging them into one supertree. To merge structures and combine attributes from different trees, we leverage the Jaccard similarity and solve a matching problem while keeping track of the origin of a structure element and its attributes. Our visualization approach allows users to inspect these supertrees using node-link diagrams and indented tree plots. The nodes in these plots depict aggregated attributes and, using word-sized line plots, detailed data. We demonstrate the usefulness of our method by exploring the evolution of software repositories and debugging data processing pipelines using provenance data.

Abstract

Approaching a high degree of realism, android robots, and virtual humans may evoke uncomfortable feelings. Due to technologies that increase the realism of human replicas, this phenomenon, which is known as the uncanny valley, has been frequently highlighted in recent years by researchers from various fields. Although virtual animals play an important role in video games and entertainment, the question whether there is also an uncanny valley for virtual animals has been little investigated. This paper examines whether very realistic virtual pets tend to cause a similar aversion as humanlike characters. We conducted two empirical studies using cat renderings to investigate the effects of realism, stylization, and facial expressions of virtual cats on human perception. Through qualitative feedback, we gained deeper insight into the perception of realistic computer-generated animals. Our results indicate that depicting virtual animal-like characters at realism levels used in current video games causes negative reactions just as the uncanny valley predicts for humanlike characters. We conclude design implication to avoid that sensation and suggest that virtual animals should either be given a completely natural or a stylized appearance. We propose to further examine the uncanny valley by the inclusion of artificial animals.

Abstract

The Icelandic case system presents an interesting linguistic puzzle. Languages tend to use either word order, case and/or agreement to signal grammatical relations (Kiparsky 1987, 1988, 1997). Icelandic is atypical in this respect as it has a rather rigid word order, but also retained a rich morphological case system over the centuries. Moreover, non-nominative subjects exist in the language, with in particular the synchronic existence of dative subjects being well-established (Andrews 1976, Zaenen et al. 1985). From a diachronic perspective, dative subjects have also attracted a good deal of research, specifically with respect to the question about whether dative subjects are a common Proto-Indo-European feature or whether they are a more recent historical innovation (see, e.g., Haspelmath 2001, Barðdal and Eythórsson 2009, Barðdal et al. 2012). In this thesis, I investigate factors conditioning the diachronic occurrence of dative subjects in the Icelandic Parsed Historical Corpus (IcePaHC, Wallenberg et al. 2011) to provide a window of understanding of the complex system licensing grammatical relations in the language, contributing to the discussion which evolved around the historical origin of dative subjects. As method of investigation, I utilize novel visualization techniques coming from the field of Visual Analytics (Keim et al. 2008). The investigations presented in this thesis show that dative subjects are part of a complex interlinked system in which case, word order, grammatical relations, lexical semantics and event structure interact in the mapping of arguments to grammatical relations. For one, I provide my findings with respect to the interaction between dative subjects, thematic roles, event structure and voice in IcePaHC, showing that the distribution of dative subjects has been changing in the history of Icelandic, in particular with respect to an increasingly systematic association between dative subjects and experiencer semantics. This correlates with an increasing use of verbs carrying middle morphology, which have been lexicalized as stative experiencer predicates with a dative subject over time. I furthermore present an investigation of the interaction between subject case and word order which examines the interrelation between dative case, subject positions, and verb placement in IcePaHC. This investigation provides evidence for the diachronic development of structure and the rise of positional licensing in the language (in line with Kiparsky 1997); developments in which dative subjects consistently lag behind. For the theoretical analysis of the historical developments observed in IcePaHC, I present a novel linking theory couched in the Lexical-Functional Grammar (LFG) framework in this thesis. My linking theory builds on the enhancements of LFG’s Lexical Mapping Theory by Zaenen (1993) and Kibort (2014) with respect to lexical semantic entailments and argument positions, separating out lexical semantics from structural positions. As core component of the linking system, I implement a reference frame in the form of Talmy’s (1978) figure-ground division, which functions as mediator between word order, lexical semantics, and event structure. Grammatical relations are linked to arguments via a set of lexical semantic entailments which follow from the event structure, the reference frame, and the sentience of arguments, associating grammatical relations with particular structural positions. Event structure is encoded in the linking system via the event participants assumed in Ramchand’s (2008) event-decompositional framework of the first-phase syntax and is taken to license case marking in Icelandic as has been suggested by Svenonius (2002). Overall, the linking analysis of the diachronic corpus data shows that the licensing conditions for case and grammatical relations have been changing over time, which questions the inheritance of a stable and monolithic dative subject construction from earlier language stages.

Abstract

We present a comparison between autoencoders and variational autoencoders. For this, we describe their architecture and explain the respective advantages. To gain a deeper insight into the encoding and decoding process, we visualize the distribution of values in latent space for both models. While autoencoders are commonly used for compression, variational autoencoders typically act as generative models. We provide an interactive visualization to explore their differences. By manually modifying the latent activations, the user can directly observe the impact of different latent values on the generated output. In addition, we provide an information theoretic view on the compressive properties of autoencoders.

Abstract

We present an empirical study that illustrates how individual users' decision making preferences and biases influence visualization design choices. Twenty-three participants, in a lab study, were shown two interactive financial portfolio optimization interfaces which allowed them to adjust the return for the portfolio and view how the risk changes. One interface showed the sensitivity of the risk to changes in the return and one did not have this feature. Our study highlights two classes of users. One which preferred the interface with the sensitivity feature and one group that does not prefer the sensitivity feature. We named these two groups the "risk fixers" and the "sweet spotters" due to the analysis method they used. The "risk fixers" selected a level of risk which they were comfortable with while the "sweet spotters" tried to find a point right before the risk increased greatly. Our study shows that exposing the sensitivity of investment parameters will impact the investment decision process and increase confidence for these "sweet spotters." We also discuss the implications for design.

Abstract

We investigate priming and anchoring effects on perceptual tasks in visualization. Priming or anchoring effects depict the phenomena that a stimulus might influence subsequent human judgments on a perceptual level, or on a cognitive level by providing a frame of reference. Using visual class separability in scatterplots as an example task, we performed a set of five studies to investigate the potential existence of priming and anchoring effects. Our findings show that - under certain circumstances - such effects indeed exist. In other words, humans judge class separability of the same scatterplot differently depending on the scatterplot(s) they have seen before. These findings inform future work on better understanding and more accurately modeling human perception of visual patterns.

Abstract

This paper presents a blind image quality assessment (BIQA) method based on deep learning with convolutional neural networks (CNN). Our method is trained on full and arbitrarily sized images rather than small image patches or resized input images as usually done in CNNs for image classification and quality assessment. The resolution independence is achieved by pyramid pooling. This work is the first that applies a fine-tuned residual deep learning network (ResNet-101) to BIQA. The training is carried out on a new and very large, labeled dataset of 10, 073 images (KonIQ-10k) that contains quality rating histograms besides the mean opinion scores (MOS). In contrast to previous methods we do not train to approximate the MOS directly, but rather use the distributions of scores. Experiments were carried out on three benchmark image quality databases. The results showed clear improvements of the accuracy of the estimated MOS values, compared to current state-of-the-art algorithms. We also report on the quality of the estimation of the score distributions.

Abstract

Dimensionality reduction (DR) is a common strategy for visual analysis of labeled high-dimensional data. Low-dimensional representations of the data help, for instance, to explore the class separability and the spatial distribution of the data. Widely-used unsupervised DR methods like PCA do not aim to maximize the class separation, while supervised DR methods like LDA often assume certain spatial distributions and do not take perceptual capabilities of humans into account. These issues make them ineffective for complicated class structures. Towards filling this gap, we present a perception-driven linear dimensionality reduction approach that maximizes the perceived class separation in projections. Our approach builds on recent developments in perception-based separation measures that have achieved good results in imitating human perception. We extend these measures to be density-aware and incorporate them into a customized simulated annealing algorithm, which can rapidly generate a near optimal DR projection. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach by comparing it to state-of-the-art DR methods on 93 datasets, using both quantitative measure and human judgments. We also provide case studies with class-imbalanced and unlabeled data.

Abstract

We propose Graph Thumbnails, small icon-like visualisations of the high-level structure of network data. Graph Thumbnails are designed to be legible in small multiples to support rapid browsing within large graph corpora. Compared to existing graph-visualisation techniques our representation has several advantages: (1) the visualisation can be computed in linear time; (2) it is canonical in the sense that isomorphic graphs will always have identical thumbnails; and (3) it provides precise information about the graph structure. We report the results of two user studies. The first study compares Graph Thumbnails to node-link and matrix views for identifying similar graphs. The second study investigates the comprehensibility of the different representations. We demonstrate the usefulness of this representation for summarising the evolution of protein-protein interaction networks across a range of species.

Abstract

Users' cognitive load while interacting with a system is a valuable metric for evaluations in HCI. We encourage the analysis of eye movements as an unobtrusive and widely available way to measure cognitive load. In this paper, we report initial findings from a user study with 26 participants working on three visual search tasks that represent different levels of difficulty. Also, we linearly increased the cognitive demand while solving the tasks. This allowed us to analyze the reaction of individual eye movements to different levels of task difficulty. Our results show how pupil dilation, blink rate, and the number of fixations and saccades per second individually react to changes in cognitive activity. We discuss how these measurements could be combined in future work to allow for a comprehensive investigation of cognitive load in interactive settings.

Abstract

Background Pseudomonas aeruginosa often causes multidrug-resistant infections in immunocompromised patients, and polymyxins are often used as the last-line therapy. Alarmingly, resistance to polymyxins has been increasingly reported worldwide recently. To rescue this last-resort class of antibiotics, it is necessary to systematically understand how P. aeruginosa alters its metabolism in response to polymyxin treatment, thereby facilitating the development of effective therapies. To this end, a genome-scale metabolic model (GSMM) was used to analyze bacterial metabolic changes at the systems level. Findings A high-quality GSMM iPAO1 was constructed for P. aeruginosa PAO1 for antimicrobial pharmacological research. Model iPAO1 encompasses an additional periplasmic compartment and contains 3022 metabolites, 4265 reactions, and 1458 genes in total. Growth prediction on 190 carbon and 95 nitrogen sources achieved an accuracy of 89.1%, outperforming all reported P. aeruginosa models. Notably, prediction of the essential genes for growth achieved a high accuracy of 87.9%. Metabolic simulation showed that lipid A modifications associated with polymyxin resistance exert a limited impact on bacterial growth and metabolism but remarkably change the physiochemical properties of the outer membrane. Modeling with transcriptomics constraints revealed a broad range of metabolic responses to polymyxin treatment, including reduced biomass synthesis, upregulated amino acid catabolism, induced flux through the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and increased redox turnover. Conclusions Overall, iPAO1 represents the most comprehensive GSMM constructed to date for Pseudomonas. It provides a powerful systems pharmacology platform for the elucidation of complex killing mechanisms of antibiotics.

Abstract

Our visual perception is limited to the abilities of our eyes, where we only perceive visible light. This limitation might influence how we perceive and react to our surroundings, however, this limitation might endanger us in certain scenarios e.g. firefighting. In this paper, we explore the potential of augmenting the visual sensing of the firefighters using depth and thermal imaging to increase their awareness about the environment. Additionally, we built and evaluated two form factors, hand held and head mounted display. To evaluate our built prototypes, we conducted two user studies in a simulated fire environment with real firefighters. In this workshop paper, we present our findings from the evaluation of the concept and prototypes with real firefighters.

Abstract

In this study, we demonstrate the effects of anxiety and cognitive load on eye movement planning in an instrument flight task adhering to a single-sensor-single-indicator data visualisation design philosophy. The task was performed in neutral and anxiety conditions, while a low or high cognitive load, auditory n-back task was also performed. Cognitive load led to a reduction in the number of transitions between instruments, and impaired task performance. Changes in self-reported anxiety between the neutral and anxiety conditions positively correlated with changes in the randomness of eye movements between instruments, but only when cognitive load was high. Taken together, the results suggest that both cognitive load and anxiety impact gaze behavior, and that these effects should be explored when designing data visualization displays.

Abstract

In the recent years JSON affirmed as a very popular dataformat for representing massive data collections. JSON datacollections are usually schemaless. While this ensures sev-eral advantages, the absence of schema information has im-portant negative consequences: the correctness of complexqueries and programs cannot be statically checked, userscannot rely on schema information to quickly figure out thestructural properties that could speed up the formulation ofcorrect queries, and many schema-based optimizations arenot possible.In this paper we deal with the problem of inferring aschema from massive JSON datasets. We first identify aJSON type language which is simple and, at the same time,expressive enough to capture irregularities and to give com-plete structural information about input data. We thenpresent our main contribution, which is the design of a schemainference algorithm, its theoretical study, and its implemen-tation based on Spark, enabling reasonable schema infer-ence time for massive collections. Finally, we report aboutan experimental analysis showing the effectiveness of our ap-proach in terms of execution time, precision, and concisenessof inferred schemas, and scalability.

Abstract

Given a set of prioritized balls with fixed centers in ℝd whose radii grow linearly over time, we want to compute the elimination order of these balls assuming that when two balls touch, the one with lower priority is ‘crushed’. A straightforward algorithm has running time O(n2 log n) which we improve to expected O(Δdn(log n + Δd)) where Δ = rmax/rmin is the ratio between largest and smallest radius amongst the balls. For a natural application of this problem, namely drawing labels on the globe, we have Δ = O(1). An efficient implementation based on a spherical Delaunay triangulation allows to compute the elimination order for millions of labels on commodity Desktop hardware. Dealing with rounding error induced robustness issues turned out to be one of the major challenges in the implementation.

Abstract

This work considers the inclusion detection problem of electrical impedance tomography with stochastic conductivities. It is shown that a conductivity anomaly with a random conductivity can be identified by applying the factorization method or the monotonicity method to the mean value of the corresponding Neumann-to-Dirichlet map provided that the anomaly has high enough contrast in the sense of expectation. The theoretical results are complemented by numerical examples in two spatial dimensions.

Abstract

In this work we address the problem of retrieving potentially interesting matrix views to support the exploration of networks. We introduce Matrix Diagnostics (or Magnostics), following in spirit related approaches for rating and ranking other visualization techniques, such as Scagnostics for scatter plots. Our approach ranks matrix views according to the appearance of specific visual patterns, such as blocks and lines, indicating the existence of topological motifs in the data, such as clusters, bi-graphs, or central nodes. Magnostics can be used to analyze, query, or search for visually similar matrices in large collections, or to assess the quality of matrix reordering algorithms. While many feature descriptors for image analyzes exist, there is no evidence how they perform for detecting patterns in matrices. In order to make an informed choice of feature descriptors for matrix diagnostics, we evaluate 30 feature descriptors-27 existing ones and three new descriptors that we designed specifically for MAGNOSTICS-with respect to four criteria: pattern response, pattern variability, pattern sensibility, and pattern discrimination. We conclude with an informed set of six descriptors as most appropriate for Magnostics and demonstrate their application in two scenarios; exploring a large collection of matrices and analyzing temporal networks.

Abstract

Visual data exploration allows users to analyze datasets based on visualizations of interesting data characteristics, to possibly discover interesting information about the data that users are a priori unaware of. In this context, both recommendations of queries selecting the data to be visualized and recommendations of visualizations that highlight interesting data characteristics support users in visual data exploration. So far, these two types of recommendations have been mostly considered in isolation of one another. We present a recommendation approach for visual data exploration that unifies query recommendation and visualization recommendation. The recommendations rely on two types of provenance, i.e., data provenance (aka lineage) and evolution provenance that tracks users' interactions with a data exploration system. This paper presents the provenance data model as well as the overall system architecture. We then provide details on our provenance-based recommendation algorithms. A preliminary experimental evaluation showcases the applicability of our solution in practice.

Abstract

We present the results of research on two areas of Icelandic historical syntax: dative subjects and V1 word order. These strands of syntax had previously been examined independently, but were found to be intimately connected as part of a broader collaboration between theoretical and computational linguistics involving the Icelandic Parsed Historical Corpus (IcePaHC). The interaction we found between V1 declaratives and dative subjects provides evidence for: a) changes over time with respect to the association of dative arguments with the subject role (contra Barðdal and Eythórsson 2009); b) the gradual development of left peripheral structure and the rise of positional licensing (in line with Kiparsky 1995, 1997). We provide an analysis of positional licensing in LFG terms and account for the newly observed complex interaction between datives, subjects and word order presented in this paper.

Abstract

We present an integrated approach for real-time performance prediction of volume raycasting that we employ for load balancing and sampling resolution tuning. In volume rendering, the usage of acceleration techniques such as empty space skipping and early ray termination, among others, can cause significant variations in rendering performance when users adjust the camera configuration or transfer function. These variations in rendering times may result in unpleasant effects such as jerky motions or abruptly reduced responsiveness during interactive exploration. To avoid those effects, we propose an integrated approach to adapt rendering parameters according to performance needs. We assess performance-relevant data on-the-fly, for which we propose a novel technique to estimate the impact of early ray termination. On the basis of this data, we introduce a hybrid model, to achieve accurate predictions with minimal computational footprint. Our hybrid model incorporates aspects from analytical performance modeling and machine learning, with the goal to combine their respective strengths. We show the applicability of our prediction model for two different use cases: (1) to dynamically steer the sampling density in object and/or image space and (2) to dynamically distribute the workload among several different parallel computing devices. Our approach allows to reliably meet performance requirements such as a user-defined frame rate, even in the case of sudden large changes to the transfer function or the camera orientation.

Abstract

The visualization of dynamic graphs demands visually encoding at least three major data dimensions: vertices, edges, and time steps. Many of the state‐of‐the‐art techniques can show an overview of vertices and edges but lack a data‐scalable visual representation of the time aspect. In this paper, we address the problem of displaying dynamic graphs with a thousand or more time steps. Our proposed interleaved parallel edge splatting technique uses a time‐to‐space mapping and shows the complete dynamic graph in a static visualization. It provides an overview of all data dimensions, allowing for visually detecting time‐varying data patterns; hence, it serves as a starting point for further data exploration. By applying clustering and ordering techniques on the vertices, edge splatting on the links, and a dense time‐to‐space mapping, our approach becomes visually scalable in all three dynamic graph data dimensions. We illustrate the usefulness of our technique by applying it to call graphs and US domestic flight data with several hundred vertices, several thousand edges, and more than a thousand time steps.

Abstract

In this study, we employ EEG methods to clarify why auditory notifications, which were designed for task management in highly automated trucks, resulted in different performance behavior, when deployed in two different test settings: (a) student volunteers in a lab environment, (b) professional truck drivers in a realistic vehicle simulator. Behavioral data showed that professional drivers were slower and less sensitive in identifying notifications compared to their counterparts. Such differences can be difficult to interpret and frustrates the deployment of implementations from the laboratory to more realistic settings. Our EEG recordings of brain activity reveal that these differences were not due to differences in the detection and recognition of the notifications. Instead, it was due to differences in EEG activity associated with response generation. Thus, we show how measuring brain activity can deliver insights into how notifications are processed, at a finer granularity than can be afforded by behavior alone.

Abstract

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a 4D medical imaging modality that depicts a proxy of neuronal activity in a series of temporal scans. Statistical processing of the modality shows promise in uncovering insights about the functioning of the brain, such as the default mode network, and characteristics of mental disorders. Current statistical processing generally summarises the temporal signals between brain regions into a single data point to represent the 'coactivation' of the regions. That is, how similar are their temporal patterns over the scans. However, the potential of such processing is limited by issues of possible data misrepresentation due to uncertainties, e.g. noise in the data. Moreover, it has been shown that brain signals are characterised by brief traces of coactivation, which are lost in the single value representations. To alleviate the issues, alternate statistical processes have been used, however creating effective techniques has proven difficult due to problems, e.g. issues with noise, which often require user input to uncover. Visual analytics, therefore, through its ability to interactively exploit human expertise, presents itself as an interesting approach of benefit to the domain. In this work, we present the conceptual design behind TemporalTracks, our visual analytics system for exploration of 4D fMRI time-series coactivation data, utilising a visual metaphor to effectively present coactivation data for easier understanding. We describe our design with a case study visually analysing Human Connectome Project data, demonstrating that TemporalTracks can uncover temporal events that would otherwise be hidden in standard analysis.

Abstract

Prominent accounts of decision making state that decisions are made on the basis of an accumulationof sensory evidence, orchestrated by networks of prefrontal and parietal neural populations. Here weassess whether these findings generalize to decisions on self-motion.Participants were presented with whole body yaw rotations of different durations in a 2-Interval-Forced-Choice paradigm, and tasked to discriminate motions on the basis of their amplitude. The corticalhemodynamic response was recorded using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) while partic-ipants were performing the task.The imaging data was used to predict the specific response on individual experimental trials, and topredict whether the comparison stimulus would be judged larger than the reference. Classifier perfor-mance on the former variable was negligible. However, considerable performance was achieved for thelatter variable, specifically using parietal imaging data. The findings provide support for the notion thatactivity in the parietal cortex reflects modality independent decision variables that represent the strengthof the neural evidence in favor of a decision. The results are encouraging for the use of fNIRS as a methodto perform neuroimaging in moving individuals.

Abstract

Data intensive scalable computing (DISC) systems, such asApache Hadoop or Spark, allow to process large amountsof heterogenous data. For varying provenance applications,emerging provenance solutions for DISC systems track allsource data items through each processing step, imposing ahigh space and time overhead during program execution.We introduce a provenance collection approach that re-duces the space overhead at runtime by sampling the inputdata based on the definition of equivalence classes. A pre-liminary empirical evaluation shows that this approach al-lows to satisfy many use cases of provenance applications indebugging and data exploration, indicating that provenancecollection for a fraction of the input data items often suf-fices for selected provenance applications. When additionalprovenance is required, we further outline a method to col-lect provenance at query time, reusing, when possible, par-tial provenance already collected during program execution

Abstract

People’s alertness fluctuates across the day: at some times we are highly focused while at others we feel unable to concentrate. So far, extracting fluctuation patterns has been time and cost-intensive. Using an in-the-wild approach with 12 participants, we evaluated three cognitive tasks regarding their adequacy as a mobile and economical assessment tool of diurnal changes in mental performance. Participants completed the five-minute test battery on their smartphones multiple times a day for a period of 1-2 weeks. Our results show that people’s circadian rhythm can be obtained under unregulated non-laboratory conditions. Along with this validation study, we release our test battery as an open source library for future work towards cognition-aware systems as well as a tool for psychological and medical research. We discuss ways of integrating the toolkit and possibilities for implicitly measuring performance variations in common applications. The ability to detect systematic patterns in alertness levels will allow cognition-aware systems to provide in-situ assistance in accordance with users’ current cognitive capabilities and limitations.

Abstract

Increasingly fast computing systems for simulations and high-accuracy measurement techniques drive the generation of time-dependent volumetric data sets with high resolution in both time and space. To gain insights from this spatio-temporal data, the computation and direct visualization of pairwise distances between time steps not only supports interactive user exploration, but also drives automatic analysis techniques like the generation of a meaningful static overview visualization, the identification of rare events, or the visual analysis of recurrent processes. However, the computation of pairwise differences between all time steps is prohibitively expensive for large-scale data not only due to the significant cost of computing expressive distance between high-resolution spatial data, but in particular owing to the large number of distance computations (O(|T|2)) , with |T| being the number of time steps). Addressing this issue, we present and evaluate different strategies for the progressive computation of similarity information in a time series, as well as an approach for estimating distance information that has not been determined so far. In particular, we investigate and analyze the utility of using neural networks for estimating pairwise distances. On this basis, our approach automatically determines the sampling strategy yielding the best result in combination with trained networks for estimation. We evaluate our approach with a variety of time-dependent 2D and 3D data from simulations and measurements as well as artificially generated data, and compare it against an alternative technique. Finally, we discuss prospects and limitations, and discuss different directions for improvement in future work.

Abstract

We present a novel technique to generate transformations between arbitrary volumes, providing both expressive distances and smooth interpolates. In contrast to conventional morphing or warping approaches, our technique requires no user guidance, intermediate representations (like extracted features), or blending, and imposes no restrictions regarding shape or structure. Our technique operates directly on the volumetric data representation, and while linear programming approaches could solve the underlying problem optimally, their polynomial complexity makes them infeasible for high-resolution volumes. We therefore propose a progressive refinement approach designed for parallel execution that is able to quickly deliver approximate results that are iteratively improved toward the optimum. On this basis, we further present a new approach for the streaming selection of time steps in temporal data that allows for the reconstruction of the full sequence with a user-specified error bound. We finally demonstrate the utility of our technique for different applications, compare our approach against alternatives, and evaluate its characteristics with a variety of different data sets.

Abstract

We present an approach to adaptively select time steps from time‐dependent volume data sets for an integrated and comprehensive visualization. This reduced set of time steps not only saves cost, but also allows to show both the spatial structure and temporal development in one combined rendering. Our selection optimizes the coverage of the complete data on the basis of a minimum‐cost flow‐based technique to determine meaningful distances between time steps. As both optimal solutions of the involved transport and selection problem are prohibitively expensive, we present new approaches that are significantly faster with only minor deviations. We further propose an adaptive scheme for the progressive incorporation of new time steps. An interactive volume raycaster produces an integrated rendering of the selected time steps, and their computed differences are visualized in a dedicated chart to provide additional temporal similarity information. We illustrate and discuss the utility of our approach by means of different data sets from measurements and simulation.

Abstract

Durch die Digitalisierung der Photogrammetrie sind neue Auswertemethoden notwendig geworden, um das enorme Informationspotential der Bilder in allen Belangen auszuschöpfen. Dies erfordert auch ein Umdenken hinsichtlich der bisherigen Ansätze für die Erweiterung der Bündelblockausgleichung durch zusätzliche Parameter. Mittels exakt orientierten Bildern können dann die Methoden der dichten Bildzuordnung angewendet werden. Deren Punktwolken sind in 3D-CAD-Modelle zu überführen, die noch durch Bildtexturen angereichert werden können. Der folgende Beitrag beschreibt eine Neuauflage der Selbstkalibration, indem erstmalig eine exakte mathematische Begründung dafür gegeben wird und zwei Klassen von Parametersätzen eingeführt werden: Legendre- und Fourier-Parameter. Deren Leistungsfähigkeit ist anhand der Datensätze des DGPF-Kameratests über Vaihingen/Enz unter Beweis gestellt. Ferner wird ein Vergleich zu den über Jahrzehnte hinweg angewandten Parametersätzen von Brown, Ebner und Grün hergestellt. Der zweite Schwerpunkt demonstriert die Ableitung und Verarbeitung von dichten Punktwolken zu LoD3-Modellen, die durch eine Erweiterung der Methode des Semi-Global Matching mit der Software SURE erzeugt werden und mittels einer Fassadengrammatik die gewünschten Strukturinformationen liefern. Diese Modelle sind beispielsweise in Game Engines zu integrieren und u.a. in eindrucksvolle Augmented Reality Apps für mobile Geräte zu überführen.

Abstract

The design of three-dimensional and four-dimensional Apps, running on the leading operating systems Android, iOS and Windows is the next challenge in Architecture, BIM, Civil Engineering, Digital Cultural Heritage (DCH) preservations and many more. Based on experiences developing Apps for archaeology and architecture, the paper introduces with general workflows for 3D data collection, using laser scanning, geometric computer vision and photogrammetry. The resulting point clouds have to be merged, using the most recent developments of laser scanning, computer vision, photogrammetry and statistical inference. 3D and 4D modeling is done using professional software from surveying and computer graphics, such as Leica’s Cyclone, Trimble’s SketchUp and Autodesk 3ds Max. The fourth dimension, time, is injected onto the 3D contemporary models using the texture of old photos. After homogenization of all 3D models in Autodesk 3ds Max these are exported to the game engine Unity to allow for the creation of the reference surface and finally the 3D urban model. The storyboard creates for the programmer an outline, which features and functions have to be fulfilled. Finally the Apps for Android, iOS and Windows are created and exported for the use on mobile devices.

Abstract

We consider the classical line simplification problem subject to a given error bound ∊ but with additional topology constraints as they arise for example in the map rendering domain. While theoretically inapproximability has been proven for these problem variants, we show that in practice one can solve medium sized instances optimally using an integer linear programming approach and larger instances using an heuristic approach which for medium-sized real-world instances yields close-to-optimal results. Our approaches are evaluated on data sets which are synthetically generated, stem from the OpenStreetMap project, and the recent GISCup competition.

Abstract

Current route planning services like Google Maps exhibit a clear-cut separation between the map rendering component and the route planning engine. While both rely on respective road network data, the route planning task is typically performed using state-of-the art data structures for speeding-up shortest/quickest path queries like Hub Labels, Arc Flags, or Transit Nodes, whereas the map rendering task usually involves a rendering framework like Mapnik or Kartograph. In this paper we show how to augment Contraction Hierarchies – another popular data structure for speeding-up shortest path queries – to also cater for the map rendering task. As a result we get a unified data structure (URAN) which lays the algorithmic foundation for novel map rendering and navigation systems. It also allows for customization of the map rendering, e.g. to accommodate different display devices (with varying resolution and hardware capabilities) or routing scenarios. At the heart of our approach lies a generalized graph simplification scheme derived from Contraction Hierarchies with a very lightweight augmentation for extracting (simplified) subgraphs. In a client-server scenario it additionally has the potential to shift the actual route computation to the client side, both relieving the server infrastructure as well as providing some degree of privacy when planning a route.

Abstract

Analysis of software performance typically takes into account clock cycles and memory consumption at each sampling point in time. Although this is a valid strategy, we argue that it is also worth investigating data and control flow structures, as observed using memory traces and call stacks, because of their importance for performance engineering. In this work, we present a visual approach to memory profiling that supports analysis of memory layout, access patterns, and aliasing in correlation to program execution. Our method leverages language-agnostic dynamic code instrumentation to minimize the impact of tracing on performance, i.e., the application remains usable on commodity hardware. The profiled data is then clustered and visualized using a density-based scatter plot. If debug symbols are available, the scatter plot is augmented by a flame graph to ease linking to the high-level source code. Our visualization helps software engineers to identify runtime behavior by relating memory addresses to instruction execution. We demonstrate our approach using a set of examples revealing different memory access patterns and discuss their influence on software performance.

Abstract

Power efficiency is one of the most important factors for the development of compute-intensive applications in the mobile domain. In this work, we evaluate and discuss the power consumption of a direct volume rendering app based on raycasting on a mobile system. For this, we investigate the influence of a broad set of algorithmic parameters, which are relevant for performance and rendering quality, on the energy usage of the system. Additionally, we compare an OpenCL implementation to a variant using OpenGL. By means of a variety of examples, we demonstrate that numerous factors can have a significant impact on power consumption. In particular, we also discuss the underlying reasons for the respective effects.

Abstract

Provenance refers to any information describing the production process of an end product, which can be anything from a piece of digital data to a physical object. While this survey focuses on the former type of end product, this definition still leaves room for many different interpretations of and approaches to provenance. These are typically motivated by different application domains for provenance (e.g., accountability, reproducibility, process debugging) and varying technical requirements such as runtime, scalability, or privacy. As a result, we observe a wide variety of provenance types and provenance-generating methods. This survey provides an overview of the research field of provenance, focusing on what provenance is used for (what for?), what types of provenance have been defined and captured for the different applications (what form?), and which resources and system requirements impact the choice of deploying a particular provenance solution (what from?). For each of these three key questions, we provide a classification and review the state of the art for each class. We conclude with a summary and possible future research challenges.

Abstract

Subjective video quality assessment (VQA) strongly depends on semantics, context, and the types of visual distortions. Currently, all existing VQA databases include only a small number of video sequences with artificial distortions. The development and evaluation of objective quality assessment methods would benefit from having larger datasets of real-world video sequences with corresponding subjective mean opinion scores (MOS), in particular for deep learning purposes. In addition, the training and validation of any VQA method intended to be `general purpose' requires a large dataset of video sequences that are representative of the whole spectrum of available video content and all types of distortions. We report our work on KoNViD-1k, a subjectively annotated VQA database consisting of 1,200 public-domain video sequences, fairly sampled from a large public video dataset, YFCC100m. We present the challenges and choices we have made in creating such a database aimed at `in the wild' authentic distortions, depicting a wide variety of content.

Abstract

Light fields are a powerful concept in computational imaging and a mainstay in image-based rendering; however, so far their acquisition required either carefully designed and calibrated optical systems (micro-lens arrays), or multi-camera/multi-shot settings. Here, we show that fully calibrated light field data can be obtained from a single ordinary photograph taken through a partially wetted window. Each drop of water produces a distorted view on the scene, and the challenge of recovering the unknown mapping from pixel coordinates to refracted rays in space is a severely underconstrained problem. The key idea behind our solution is to combine ray tracing and low-level image analysis techniques (extraction of 2D drop contours and locations of scene features seen through drops) with state-of-the-art drop shape simulation and an iterative refinement scheme to enforce photo-consistency across features that are seen in multiple views. This novel approach not only recovers a dense pixel-to-ray mapping, but also the refractive geometry through which the scene is observed, to high accuracy. We therefore anticipate that our inherently self-calibrating scheme might also find applications in other fields, for instance in materials science where the wetting properties of liquids on surfaces are investigated.

Abstract

This paper presents the results of the depth estimation challenge for dense light fields, which took place at the second workshop on Light Fields for Computer Vision (LF4CV) in conjunction with CVPR 2017. The challenge consisted of submission to a recent benchmark 7, which allows a thorough performance analysis. While individual results are readily available on the benchmark web page http://www.lightfield-analysis.net, we take this opportunity to give a detailed overview of the current participants. Based on the algorithms submitted to our challenge, we develop a taxonomy of light field disparity estimation algorithms and give a report on the current state-of-the-art. In addition, we include more comparative metrics, and discuss the relative strengths and weaknesses of the algorithms. Thus, we obtain a snapshot of where light field algorithm development stands at the moment and identify aspects with potential for further improvement.

Abstract

Dimensionality reduction (DR) techniques aim to reduce the amount of considered dimensions, yet preserving as much information as possible. According to many visualization researchers, DR results lack interpretability, in particular for domain experts not familiar with machine learning or advanced statistics. Thus, interactive visual methods have been extensively researched for their ability to improve transparency and ease the interpretation of results. However, these methods have primarily been evaluated using case studies and interviews with experts trained in DR. In this paper, we describe a phenomenological analysis investigating if researchers with no or only limited training in machine learning or advanced statistics can interpret the depiction of a data projection and what their incentives are during interaction. We, therefore, developed an interactive system for DR, which unifies mixed data types as they appear in real-world data. Based on this system, we provided data analys ts of a Law Enforcement Agency (LEA) with dimensionally-reduced crime data and let them explore and analyze domain-relevant tasks without providing further conceptual information. Results of our study reveal that these untrained experts encounter few difficulties in interpreting the results and drawing conclusions given a domain relevant use case and their experience. We further discuss the results based on collected informal feedback and observations.

Abstract

Subspace analysis methods have gained interest for identifying patterns in subspaces of high-dimensional data. Existing techniques allow to visualize and compare patterns in subspaces. However, many subspace analysis methods produce an abundant amount of patterns, which often remain redundant and are difficult to relate. Creating effective layouts for comparison of subspace patterns remains challenging. We introduce Pattern Trails, a novel approach for visually ordering and comparing subspace patterns. Central to our approach is the notion of pattern transitions as an interpretable structure imposed to order and compare patterns between subspaces. The basic idea is to visualize projections of subspaces side-by-side, and indicate changes between adjacent patterns in the subspaces by a linked representation, hence introducing pattern transitions. Our contributions comprise a systematization for how pairs of subspace patterns can be compared, and how changes can be interpreted in terms of pattern transitions. We also contribute a technique for visual subspace analysis based on a data-driven similarity measure between subspace representations. This measure is useful to order the patterns, and interactively group subspaces to reduce redundancy. We demonstrate the usefulness of our approach by application to several use cases, indicating that data can be meaningfully ordered and interpreted in terms of pattern transitions

Abstract

We are often confronted with information interfaces designed in an unfamiliar language, especially in an increasingly globalized world, where the language barrier inhibits interaction with the system. In our work, we explore the design space for building interfaces that can detect the user's language proficiency. Specifically, we look at how a user's gaze properties can be used to detect whether the interface is presented in a language they understand. We report a study (N=21) where participants were presented with questions in multiple languages, whilst being recorded for gaze behavior. We identified fixation and blink durations to be effective indicators of the participants' language proficiencies. Based on these findings, we propose a classification scheme and technical guidelines for enabling language proficiency awareness on information displays using gaze data.

Abstract

Head-mounted displays for virtual reality (VR) provide high-fidelity visual and auditory experiences. Other modalities are currently less supported. Current commercial devices typically deliver tactile feedback through controllers the user holds in the hands. Since both hands get occupied and tactile feedback can only be provided at a single position, research and industry proposed a range of approaches to provide richer tactile feedback. Approaches, such as tactile vests or electrical muscle stimulation, were proposed, but require additional body-worn devices. This limits comfort and restricts provided feedback to specific body parts. With this Interactivity installation, we propose quadcopters to provide tactile stimulation in VR. While the user is visually and acoustically immersed in VR, small quadcopters simulate bumblebees, arrows, and other objects hitting the user. The user wears a VR headset, mini-quadcopters, controlled by an optical marker tracking system, are used to provide tactile feedback.

Abstract

The analysis of eye tracking data often requires the annotation of areas of interest (AOIs) to derive semantic interpretations of human viewing behavior during experiments. This annotation is typically the most time-consuming step of the analysis process. Especially for data from wearable eye tracking glasses, every independently recorded video has to be annotated individually and corresponding AOIs between videos have to be identified. We provide a novel visual analytics approach to ease this annotation process by image-based, automatic clustering of eye tracking data integrated in an interactive labeling and analysis system. The annotation and analysis are tightly coupled by multiple linked views that allow for a direct interpretation of the labeled data in the context of the recorded video stimuli. The components of our analytics environment were developed with a user-centered design approach in close cooperation with an eye tracking expert. We demonstrate our approach with eye tracking data from a real experiment and compare it to an analysis of the data by manual annotation of dynamic AOIs. Furthermore, we conducted an expert user study with 6 external eye tracking researchers to collect feedback and identify analysis strategies they used while working with our application.

Abstract

The incorporation of subtitles in multimedia content plays an important role in communicating spoken content. For example, subtitles in the respective language are often preferred to expensive audio translation of foreign movies. The traditional representation of subtitles displays text centered at the bottom of the screen. This layout can lead to large distances between text and relevant image content, causing eye strain and even that we miss visual content. As a recent alternative, the technique of speaker-following subtitles places subtitle text in speech bubbles close to the current speaker. We conducted a controlled eye-tracking laboratory study (n = 40) to compare the regular approach (center-bottom subtitles) with content-sensitive, speaker-following subtitles. We compared different dialog-heavy video clips with the two layouts. Our results show that speaker-following subtitles lead to higher fixation counts on relevant image regions and reduce saccade length, which is an important factor for eye strain.

Abstract

The depiction of motion in static representations has a long tradition in art and science alike. Often, motion is depicted by spatio-temporal summarizations that try to preserve as much information of the original dynamic content as possible. In our approach to depicting motion, we remove the spatial constraints and generate new content steered by the temporal changes in motion. Applying particle steering in combination with the dynamic color palette of the video content, we can create a wide range of different image styles. With recorded videos, or by live interaction with a webcam, one can influence the resulting image. We provide a set of intuitive parameters to affect the style of the result, the final image content depends on the video input. Based on a collection of results gathered from test users, we discuss example styles that can be achieved with FlowBrush. In general, our approach provides an open sandbox for creative people to generate aesthetic images from any video content they apply.

Abstract

Touchscreens are the dominant input mechanism for a variety of devices. One of the main limitations of touchscreens is the latency to receive input, refresh, and respond. This latency is easily perceivable and reduces users' performance. Previous work proposed to reduce latency by extrapolating finger movements to identify future movements - albeit with limited success. In this paper, we propose PredicTouch, a system that improves this extrapolation using inertial measurement units (IMUs). We combine IMU data with users' touch trajectories to train a multi-layer feedforward neural network that predicts future trajectories. We found that this hybrid approach (software: prediction, and hardware: IMU) can significantly reduce the prediction error, reducing latency effects. We show that using a wrist-worn IMU increases the throughput by 15% for finger input and 17% for a stylus.

Abstract

We present a reconstruction pipeline for a large-scale 3D environment viewed by a single moving RGB-D camera. Our approach combines advantages of fast and direct, regularization-free depth fusion and accurate, but costly variational schemes. The scene’s depth geometry is extracted from each camera view and efficiently integrated into a large, dense grid as a truncated signed distance function, which is organized in an octree. To account for noisy real-world input data, variational range image integration is performed in local regions of the volume directly on this octree structure. We focus on algorithms which are easily parallelizable on GPUs, allowing the pipeline to be used in real-time scenarios where the user can interactively view the reconstruction and adapt camera motion as required.

Abstract

Variational approaches form an inherent part of most state-of-the-art pipeline approaches for optical flow computation. As the final step of the pipeline, the aim is to refine an initial flow field typically obtained by inpainting non-dense matches in order to provide highly accurate results. In this paper, we take advantage of recent improvements in variational optical flow estimation to construct an advanced variational model for this final refinement step. By combining an illumination aware data term with an order adaptive smoothness term, we obtain a highly flexible model that is able to cope well with a broad variety of different scenarios. Moreover, we propose the use of an additional reduced coarse-to-fine scheme instead of an exclusive initialisation scheme, which not only allows to refine the initialisation but also allows to correct larger erroneous displacements. Experiments on recent optical flow benchmarks show the advantages of the advanced variational refinement and the reduced coarse to fine scheme.

Abstract

Recent approaches for variational motion estimation typically either rely on first or second order regularisation strategies. While first order strategies are more appropriate for scenes with fronto-parallel motion, second order constraints are superior if it comes to the estimation of affine flow fields. Since using the wrong regularisation order may lead to a significant deterioration of the results, it is surprising that there has not been much effort in the literature so far to determine this order automatically. In our work, we address the aforementioned problem in two ways. (i) First, we discuss two anisotropic smoothness terms of first and second order, respectively, that share important structural properties and that are thus particularly suited for being combined within an order-adaptive variational framework. (ii) Secondly, based on these two smoothness terms, we develop four different variational methods and with it four different strategies for adaptively selecting the regularisation order: a global and a local strategy based on half-quadratic regularisation, a non-local approach that relies on neighbourhood information, and a region based method using level sets. Experiments on recent benchmarks show the benefits of each of the strategies. Moreover, they demonstrate that adaptively combining different regularisation orders not only allows to outperform single-order strategies but also to obtain advantages beyond the ones of a frame-wise selection.

Abstract

Many visualizations have proven to be effective in supporting various software related tasks. Although multiple media can be used to display a visualization, the standard computer screen is used the most. We hypothesize that the medium has a role in their effectiveness. We investigate our hypotheses by conducting a controlled user experiment. In the experiment we focus on the 3D city visualization technique used for software comprehension tasks. We deploy 3D city visualizations across a standard computer screen (SCS), an immersive 3D environment (I3D), and a physical 3D printed model (P3D). We asked twenty-seven participants (whom we divided in three groups for each medium) to visualize software systems of various sizes, solve a set of uniform comprehension tasks, and complete a questionnaire. We measured the effectiveness of visualizations in terms of performance, recollection, and user experience. We found that even though developers using P3D required the least time to identify outliers, they perceived the least difficulty when visualizing systems based on SCS. Moreover, developers using I3D obtained the highest recollection.

Abstract

Whilemovingthroughtheenvironment,ourcentralnervoussystemaccumulatessensoryinformationovertimeto provideanestimateof ourself-motion,allowingforcompletingcrucialtaskssuchasmaintainingbalance.However,littleis knownonhowthedurationof themotionstimuliinfluencesourperformancesin a self-motiondiscriminationtask.Herewestudythehumanabilityto discriminateintensitiesof sinusoidal(0.5Hz)self-rotationsaroundtheverticalaxis(yaw)forfourdifferentstimulusdurations(1,2, 3 and5 s) in darkness.In a typicaltrial,par-ticipantsexperiencedtwoconsecutiverotationsof equaldurationanddifferentpeakamplitude,andreportedtheoneperceivedasstronger.Foreachstimulusduration,wedeterminedthesmallestdetectablechangein stimulusintensity(differentialthreshold)fora referencevelocityof 15deg/s.Resultsindicatethatdifferentialthresholdsdecreasewithstimulusdurationandasymptoticallyconvergeto a constant,positivevalue.Thissuggeststhatthecentralnervoussystemaccumulatessensoryinformationonself-motionovertime,resultingin improveddis-criminationperformances. Observedtrendsin differentialthresholdsareconsistentwithpre-dictionsbasedona driftdiffusionmodelwithleakyintegrationof sensoryevidence.

Abstract

Visual search can be time-consuming, especially if the scene contains a large number of possibly relevant objects. An instance of this problem is present when using geographic or schematic maps with many different elements representing cities, streets, sights, and the like. Unless the map is well-known to the reader, the full map or at least large parts of it must be scanned to find the elements of interest. In this paper, we present a controlled eye-tracking study (30 participants) to compare four variants of map annotation with labels: within-image annotations, grid reference annotation, directional annotation, and miniature annotation. Within-image annotation places labels directly within the map without any further search support. Grid reference annotation corresponds to the traditional approach known from atlases. Directional annotation utilizes a label in combination with an arrow pointing in the direction of the label within the map. Miniature annotation shows a miniature grid to guide the reader to the area of the map in which the label is located. The study results show that within-image annotation is outperformed by all other annotation approaches. Best task completion times are achieved with miniature annotation. The analysis of eye-movement data reveals that participants applied significantly different visual task solution strategies for the different visual annotations.

Abstract

We investigate task performance and reading characteristics for scatterplots (Cartesian coordinates) and parallel coordinates. In a controlled eye-tracking study, we asked 24 participants to assess the relative distance of points in multidimensional space, depending on the diagram type (parallel coordinates or a horizontal collection of scatterplots), the number of data dimensions (2, 4, 6, or 8), and the relative distance between points (15%, 20%, or 25%). For a given reference point and two target points, we instructed participants to choose the target point that was closer to the reference point in multidimensional space. We present a visual scanning model that describes different strategies to solve this retrieval task for both diagram types, and propose corresponding hypotheses that we test using task completion time, accuracy, and gaze positions as dependent variables. Our results show that scatterplots outperform parallel coordinates significantly in 2 dimensions, however, the task was solved more quickly and more accurately with parallel coordinates in 8 dimensions. The eye-tracking data further shows significant differences between Cartesian and parallel coordinates, as well as between different numbers of dimensions. For parallel coordinates, there is a clear trend toward shorter fixations and longer saccades with increasing number of dimensions. Using an area-of-interest (AOI) based approach, we identify different reading strategies for each diagram type: For parallel coordinates, the participants’ gaze frequently jumped back and forth between pairs of axes, while axes were rarely focused on when viewing Cartesian coordinates. We further found that participants’ attention is biased: toward the center of the whole plotfor parallel coordinates and skewed to the center/left side for Cartesian coordinates. We anticipate that these results may support the design of more effective visualizations for multidimensional data.

Abstract

Recent advances in miniaturising sensor tags allow to obtain high-resolution bird trajectories, presenting an opportunity for immersive close-up observation of individual and group behaviour in mid-air. The combination of geographical, environmental, and movement data is well suited for investigation in immersive analytics environments. We explore the benefits and requirements of a wide range of such environments, and illustrate a multi-platform immersive analytics solution, based on a tiled 3D display wall and head-mounted displays (Google Cardboard, HTC Vive and Microsoft Hololens). Tailored to biologists studying bird movement data, the immersive environment provides a novel interactive mode to explore the geolocational time-series data. This paper aims to inform the 3D visualisation research community about design considerations obtained from a real world data set in different 3D immersive environments. This work also contributes to ongoing research efforts to promote better understanding of bird migration and the associated environmental factors at the planet-level scale, thereby capturing the public awareness of environmental issues.

Abstract

Visualizing time series data with a spatial context is a problem that appears more and more often, since small and lightweight GPS devices allow us to enrich the time series data with position information. One example is the visualization of the energy output of power plants. We present a web-based application that aims to provide information about the energy production of a specified region, along with location information about the power plants. The application is intended to be used as a solid data basis for political discussions, nudging, and story telling about the German energy transition to renewables, called "Energiewende". It was therefore designed to be intuitive, easy to use, and provide information for a broad spectrum of users that do not need any domain-specific knowledge. Users are able to select different categories of power plants and look up their positions on an overview map. Glyphs indicate their exact positions and a selection mechanism allows users to compare the power output on different time scales using stacked area charts or ThemeRivers. As an evaluation of the application, we have collected web access statistics and conducted an online survey with respect to the intuitiveness, usability, and informativeness.

Abstract

We investigate the problem of analyzing word frequencies in multiple text sources with the aim to give an overview of word-based similarities in several texts as a starting point for further analysis. To reach this goal, we designed a visual analytics approach composed of typical stages and processes, combining algorithmic analysis, visualization techniques, the human users with their perceptual abilities, as well as interaction methods for both the data analysis and the visualization component. By our algorithmic analysis, we first generate a multivariate dataset where words build the cases and the individual text sources the attributes. Real-valued relevances express the significances of each word in each of the text sources. From the visualization perspective, we describe how this multivariate dataset can be visualized to generate, confirm, rebuild, refine, or reject hypotheses with the goal to derive meaning, knowledge, and insights from several text sources. We discuss benefits and drawbacks of the visualization approaches when analyzing word relevances in multiple texts.

Abstract

Predicting the target of visual search from human gaze data is a challenging problem. In contrast to previous work that focused on predicting specific instances of search targets, we propose the first approach to predict a target's category and attributes. However, state-of-the-art models for categorical recognition require large amounts of training data, which is prohibitive for gaze data. We thus propose a novel Gaze Pooling Layer that integrates gaze information and CNN-based features by an attention mechanism - incorporating both spatial and temporal aspects of gaze behaviour. We show that our approach can leverage pre-trained CNN architectures, thus eliminating the need for expensive joint data collection of image and gaze data. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method on a new 14 participant dataset, and indicate directions for future research in the gaze-based prediction of mental states.

Abstract

We present a novel uncertain network visualization technique based on node-link diagrams. Nodes expand spatially in our probabilistic graph layout, depending on the underlying probability distributions of edges. The visualization is created by computing a two-dimensional graph embedding that combines samples from the probabilistic graph. A Monte Carlo process is used to decompose a probabilistic graph into its possible instances and to continue with our graph layout technique. Splatting and edge bundling are used to visualize point clouds and network topology. The results provide insights into probability distributions for the entire network-not only for individual nodes and edges. We validate our approach using three data sets that represent a wide range of network types: synthetic data, protein-protein interactions from the STRING database, and travel times extracted from Google Maps. Our approach reveals general limitations of the force-directed layout and allows the user to recognize that some nodes of the graph are at a specific position just by chance.

Abstract

Analysis and visualization of eye movement data from eye-tracking studies typically take into account gazes, fixations, and saccades of both eyes filtered and fused into a combined eye. Although this is a valid strategy, we argue that it is also worth investigating low-level eye-tracking data prior to high-level analysis, because today’s eye-tracking systems measure and infer data from both eyes separately. In this work, we present an approach that supports visual analysis and cleansing of low-level time-varying data for eye-tracking experiments. The visualization helps researchers get insights into the quality of the data in terms of its uncertainty, or reliability. We discuss uncertainty originating from eye tracking, and how to reveal it for visualization, using a comparative approach for disagreement between plots, and a density-based approach for accuracy in volume rendering. Finally, we illustrate the usefulness of our approach by applying it to eye movement data recorded with two state-of-the-art eye trackers.

Abstract

We present a visual analytics approach to support the workload management process for z/OS mainframes at IBM. This process typically requires the analysis of records consisting of 100 to 150 performance-related metrics, sampled over time. We aim at replacing the previous spreadsheet-based workflow with an easier, faster, and more scalable one regarding measurement periods and collected performance metrics. To achieve this goal, we collaborate with a developer embedded at IBM in a formative process. Based on that experience, we discuss the application background and formulate requirements to support decision making based on performance data for large-scale systems. Our visual approach helps analysts find outliers, patterns, and relations between performance metrics by data exploration through various visualizations. We demonstrate the usefulness and applicability of line plots, scatter plots, scatter plot matrices, parallel coordinates, and correlation matrices for workload management. Finally, we evaluate our approach in a qualitative user study with IBM domain experts.

Abstract

Rendering the user's body in virtual reality increases immersion and presence the illusion of "being there". Recent technology enables determining the pose and position of the hands to render them accordingly while interacting within the virtual environment. Virtual reality applications often use realistic male or female hands, mimic robotic hands, or cartoon hands. However, it is unclear how users perceive different hand styles. We conducted a study with 14 male and 14 female participants in virtual reality to investigate the effect of gender on the perception of six different hands. Quantitative and qualitative results show that women perceive lower levels of presence while using male avatar hands and male perceive lower levels of presence using non-human avatar hands. While women dislike male hands, men accept and feel presence with avatar hands of both genders. Our results highlight the importance of considering the users' diversity when designing virtual reality experiences.

Abstract

The hands of one's avatar are possibly the most visible aspect when interacting in virtual reality (VR). As video games in VR proliferate, it is important to understand how the appearance of avatar hands influence the user experience. Designers of video games often stylize hands and reduce the number of fingers of game characters. Previous work shows that the appearance of avatar hands has significant effects on the user's presence - the feeling of `being' and `acting' in VR. However, little is known about the effects of missing fingers of an avatar in VR. In this paper, we present a study (N=24) that investigated the effect of hand representations by parametrically varying the number of fingers of abstract and realistically rendered hands. We show that decreasing the number of fingers of realistic hands leads to significantly lower levels of presence, which is not the case for abstract hands. Qualitative feedback collected through think-aloud and video revealed potential reasons for the different assessment of realistic and abstract hands with fewer fingers in VR. We contribute design implications and recommend considering the human-likeness when a reduction of the number of fingers of avatar hands is desired.

Abstract

In this paper, I present several corpus linguistic studies that show the continuity of the diachronic loss of the German genitive within novellas from the past two centuries. Moreover, I found that not all genitive constructions are diachronically receding and that e.g. the adnominal genitive is particularly stable along the analyzed time frame. Furthermore, some authors in Paul Heyse’s Deutscher Novellenschatz use genitives as stylistic device in order to relate their novellas to a specific register or an exalted stylistic level.

Abstract

We present HistoBankVis, a novel visu-alization system designed for the inter-active analysis of complex, multidimen-sional data to facilitate historical linguisticwork. In this paper, we illustrate the vi-sualization’s efficacy and power by meansof a concrete case study investigating thediachronic interaction of word order andsubject case in Icelandic.

Abstract

We investigate how the perceived abstraction quality of stipple illustrations is related to the number of points used to create them. Since it is difficult to find objective functions that quantify the visual quality of such illustrations, we gather comparative data by a crowdsourcing user study and employ a paired comparison model to deduce absolute quality values. Based on this study we show that it is possible to predict the perceived quality of stippled representations based on the properties of an input image. Our results are related to Weber-Fechner's law from psychophysics and indicate a logarithmic relation between numbers of points and perceived abstraction quality. We give guidance for the number of stipple points that is typically enough to represent an input image well.

Abstract

Analysts in professional team sport regularly perform analysis to gain strategic and tactical insights into player and team behavior. Goals of team sport analysis regularly include identification of weaknesses of opposing teams, or assessing performance and improvement potential of a coached team. Current analysis workflows are typically based on the analysis of team videos. Also, analysts can rely on techniques from Information Visualization, to depict e.g., player or ball trajectories. However, video analysis is typically a time-consuming process, where the analyst needs to memorize and annotate scenes. In contrast, visualization typically relies on an abstract data model, often using abstract visual mappings, and is not directly linked to the observed movement context anymore. We propose a visual analytics system that tightly integrates team sport video recordings with abstract visualization of underlying trajectory data. We apply appropriate computer vision techniques to extract trajectory data from video input. Furthermore, we apply advanced trajectory and movement analysis techniques to derive relevant team sport analytic measures for region, event and player analysis in the case of soccer analysis. Our system seamlessly integrates video and visualization modalities, enabling analysts to draw on the advantages of both analysis forms. Several expert studies conducted with team sport analysts indicate the effectiveness of our integrated approach.

Abstract

The integration of feature matches for handling large displacements is one of the key concepts of recent variational optical flow methods. In this context, many existing approaches rely on confidence measures to identify locations where a poor initial match can potentially be improved by adaptively integrating flow proposals. One very intuitive confidence measure to identify such locations is the matching cost of the data term. Problems arise, however, in the presence of illumination changes, since brightness constancy does not hold and invariant constancy assumptions typically discard too much information for an identification of poor matches. In this paper, we suggest a pipeline approach that addresses the aforementioned problem in two ways. First, we propose a novel confidence measure based on the illumination-compensated brightness constancy assumption. By estimating illumination changes from a pre-computed flow this measure allows us to reliably identify poor matches even in the presence of varying illumination. Secondly, in contrast to many existing pipeline approaches, we propose to integrate only feature matches that have been obtained from dense variational methods. This in turn not only provides robust matches due to the inherent regularization, it also demonstrates that in many cases sparse descriptor matches are not needed for large displacement optical flow. Experiments on the Sintel benchmark and on common large displacement sequences demonstrate the benefits of our strategy. They show a clear improvement over the baseline method and a comparable performance as similar methods from the literature based on sparse feature matches.

Abstract

The optical flow within a scene can be an arbitrarily complex composition of motion patterns that typically differ regarding their scale. Hence, using a single algorithm with a single set of parameters is often not sufficient to capture the variety of these motion patterns. In particular, the estimation of large displacements of small objects poses a problem. In order to cope with this problem, many recent methods estimate the optical flow by a fusion of flow candidates obtained either from different algorithms or from the same algorithm using different parameters. This, however, typically results in a pipeline of methods for estimating and fusing the candidate flows, each requiring an individual model with a dedicated solution strategy. In this paper, we investigate what results can be achieved with a pure variational approach based on a standard coarse-to-fine optimization. To this end, we propose a novel variational method for the simultaneous estimation and fusion of flow candidates. By jointly using multiple smoothness weights within a single energy functional, we are able to capture different motion patterns and hence to estimate large displacements even without additional feature matches. In the same functional, an intrinsic model-based fusion allows to integrate all these candidates into a single flow field, combining sufficiently smooth overall motion with locally large displacements. Experiments on large displacement sequences and the Sintel benchmark demonstrate the feasibility of our approach and show improved results compared to a single-smoothness baseline method.

Abstract

We present our data-driven, neural network-based approach to predicting the performance of a distributed GPU volume renderer for supporting cluster equipment acquisition. On the basis of timing measurements from a single cluster as well as from individual GPUs, we are able to predict the performance gain of upgrading an existing cluster with additional or faster GPUs, or even purchasing of a new cluster with a comparable network configuration. To achieve this, we employ neural networks to capture complex performance characteristics. However, merely relying on them for the prediction would require the collection of training data on multiple clusters with different hardware, which is impractical in most cases. Therefore, we propose a two-level approach to prediction, distinguishing between node and cluster level. On the node level, we generate performance histograms on individual nodes to capture local rendering performance. These performance histograms are then used to emulate the performance of different rendering hardware for cluster-level measurement runs. Crucially, this variety allows the neural network to capture the compositing performance of a cluster separately from the rendering performance on individual nodes. Therefore, we just need a performance histogram of the GPU of interest to generate a prediction. We demonstrate the utility of our approach using different cluster configurations as well as a range of image and volume resolutions.

Abstract

Analysis of everyday human gaze behaviour has significant potential for ubiquitous computing, as evidenced by a large body of work in gaze-based human-computer interaction, attentive user interfaces, and eye-based user modelling. However, current mobile eye trackers are still obtrusive, which not only makes them uncomfortable to wear and socially unacceptable in daily life, but also prevents them from being widely adopted in the social and behavioural sciences. To address these challenges we present InvisibleEye, a novel approach for mobile eye tracking that uses millimetre-size RGB cameras that can be fully embedded into normal glasses frames. To compensate for the cameras’ low image resolution of only a few pixels, our approach uses multiple cameras to capture different views of the eye, as well as learning-based gaze estimation to directly regress from eye images to gaze directions. We prototypically implement our system and characterise its performance on three large-scale, increasingly realistic, and thus challenging datasets: 1) eye images synthesised using a recent computer graphics eye region model, 2) real eye images recorded of 17 participants under controlled lighting, and 3) eye images recorded of four participants over the course of four recording sessions in a mobile setting. We show that InvisibleEye achieves a top person-specific gaze estimation accuracy of 1.79° using four cameras with a resolution of only 5 × 5 pixels. Our evaluations not only demonstrate the feasibility of this novel approach but, more importantly, underline its significant potential for finally realising the vision of invisible mobile eye tracking and pervasive attentive user interfaces.

Abstract

Recent years have shown a shift from pure geometric 3D city models to data with semantics. This is induced by new applications (e.g. Virtual/Augmented Reality) and also a requirement for concepts like Smart Cities. However, essential urban semantic data like building use categories is often not available. We present a first step in bridging this gap by proposing a pipeline to use crawled urban imagery and link it with ground truth cadastral data as an input for automatic building use classification. We aim to extract this city-relevant semantic information automatically from Street View (SV) imagery. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) proved to be extremely successful for image interpretation, however, require a huge amount of training data. Main contribution of the paper is the automatic provision of such training datasets by linking semantic information as already available from databases provided from national mapping agencies or city administrations to the corresponding façade images extracted from SV. Finally, we present first investigations with a CNN and an alternative classifier as a proof of concept.