B01 | Adaptive Self-Consistent Visualization

Prof. Daniel Weiskopf, University of Stuttgart
Email | Website

Daniel Weiskopf

Prof. Daniel Keim, University of Konstanz
Email | Website

Daniel Keim

Project B01

Maurice Koch, University of Stuttgart - Email | Website

Our long-term goal targets the adaptation of the computer-based visualization process in order to make the visualization outcome consistent with the input data and the objectives of the visualization itself. Therefore, this project contributes to addressing the key challenge of obtaining reliable visualizations. Our model of self-consistency is formulated in a quantitative fashion: how much does the visualization result deviate from the intended result? The adaptation optimizes parameters of the visualization pipeline in order to minimize the deviation, including perceptual models, techniques from computer vision, efficient optimization methods and support for multi-objective optimization.

Research Questions

How can we build an efficient optimization framework for the adaptation of self-consistent visualization techniques?

What kind of quantitative models from perceptual psychology and computer vision literature can be used to optimize the encoding of direction information in 2D visualization?

Which quantitative models are useful for optimizing animated visualizations with moving patterns?

How can we adapt the visualization to maintain the structure of relative differences or derivatives from the input data in the form of contrast of the visualization images?

How can multi-objective optimization be used for overlaid visualization of multivariate data?

Fig. 1: Readability evaluation of node-link diagrams of trajectories using different link types, which encode the direction. Here, a repeating comet texture is used to indicate the direction. The comet texture is adapted to the human perception of direction. Furthermore, node splatting is used to indicate node locations and spatial node density.

Publications

  1. R. Jianu, N. Silva, N. Rodrigues, T. Blascheck, T. Schreck, and D. Weiskopf, “Gaze‐Aware Visualisation: Design Considerations and Research Agenda,” Computer Graphics Forum, 2025, doi: 10.1111/cgf.70097.
  2. D. Weiskopf, “Bridging Quantitative and Qualitative Methods for Visualization Research: A Data/Semantics Perspective in Light of Advanced AI,” in 2024 IEEE Evaluation and Beyond - Methodological Approaches for Visualization (BELIV), IEEE, Ed., IEEE, 2024, pp. 119–128. doi: 10.1109/beliv64461.2024.00019.
  3. M. Koch, N. Pathmanathan, D. Weiskopf, and K. Kurzhals, “How Deep Is Your Gaze? Leveraging Distance in Image-Based Gaze Analysis,” in Proceedings of the 2024 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications (ETRA ’24), New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2024, pp. 1–7. doi: 10.1145/3649902.3653349.
  4. D. Klötzl, T. Krake, M. Becher, M. Koch, D. Weiskopf, and K. Kurzhals, “NMF-Based Analysis of Mobile Eye-Tracking Data,” in Proceedings of the 2024 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications, 2024, pp. 1–9. doi: 10.1145/3649902.3653518.
  5. K.-T. Chen et al., “Reading Strategies for Graph Visualizations That Wrap Around in Torus Topology,” in Proceedings of the 2023 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications, in ETRA ’23. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, 2023. doi: 10.1145/3588015.3589841.
  6. M. Koch, K. Kurzhals, M. Burch, and D. Weiskopf, “Visualization Psychology for Eye Tracking Evaluation,” in Visualization Psychology, D. Albers Szafir, R. Borgo, M. Chen, D. J. Edwards, B. Fisher, and L. Padilla, Eds., Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023, pp. 243–260. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-34738-2_10.
  7. K.-T. Chen et al., “Gazealytics : A Unified and Flexible Visual Toolkit for Exploratory and Comparative Gaze Analysis,” in ETRA ’23 : Proceedings of the 2023 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications, Association for Computing Machinery, May 2023, pp. 1–7. doi: 10.1145/3588015.3589844.
  8. N. Rodrigues, C. Schulz, S. Döring, D. Baumgartner, T. Krake, and D. Weiskopf, “Relaxed Dot Plots: Faithful Visualization of Samples and Their Distribution,” IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, vol. 29, Art. no. 1, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.1109/TVCG.2022.3209429.
  9. N. Rodrigues, L. Shao, J. J. Yan, T. Schreck, and D. Weiskopf, “Eye Gaze on Scatterplot: Concept and First Results of Recommendations for Exploration of SPLOMs Using Implicit Data Selection,” in 2022 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications, in ETRA ’22. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, 2022, pp. 59:1–59:7. doi: 10.1145/3517031.3531165.
  10. G. Richer, A. Pister, M. Abdelaal, J.-D. Fekete, M. Sedlmair, and D. Weiskopf, “Scalability in Visualization,” IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, pp. 1–15, 2022.
  11. P. Schäfer, N. Rodrigues, D. Weiskopf, and S. Storandt, “Group Diagrams for Simplified Representation of Scanpaths,” in Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Visual Information Communication and Interaction (VINCI), ACM, Aug. 2022. doi: 10.1145/3554944.3554971.
  12. K. Angerbauer et al., “Accessibility for Color Vision Deficiencies: Challenges and Findings of a Large Scale Study on Paper Figures,” in Proceedings of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, in CHI ’22. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, 2022. doi: 10.1145/3491102.3502133.
  13. T. Krake, M. von Scheven, J. Gade, M. Abdelaal, D. Weiskopf, and M. Bischoff, “Efficient Update of Redundancy Matrices for Truss and Frame Structures,” Journal of Theoretical, Computational and Applied Mechanics, 2022, [Online]. Available: https://jtcam.episciences.org/10398
  14. T. Krake, A. Bruhn, B. Eberhardt, and D. Weiskopf, “Efficient and Robust Background Modeling with Dynamic Mode Decomposition,” Journal of Mathematical Imaging and Vision (2022), 2022, doi: 10.1007/s10851-022-01068-0.
  15. T. Krake, D. Klötzl, B. Eberhardt, and D. Weiskopf, “Constrained Dynamic Mode Decomposition,” IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, pp. 1–11, 2022, doi: 10.1109/tvcg.2022.3209437.
  16. M. Koch, D. Weiskopf, and K. Kurzhals, “A Spiral into the Mind: Gaze Spiral Visualization for Mobile Eye Tracking,” Proceedings of the ACM on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, vol. 5, Art. no. 2, May 2022, doi: 10.1145/3530795.
  17. F. Schreiber and D. Weiskopf, “Quantitative Visual Computing,” it - Information Technology, vol. 64, pp. 119–120, 2022, doi: 10.1515/itit-2022-0048.
  18. F. Chiossi et al., “Adapting visualizations and interfaces to the user,” it - Information Technology, vol. 64, pp. 133–143, 2022, doi: 10.1515/itit-2022-0035.
  19. L. Zhou, C. R. Johnson, and D. Weiskopf, “Data-Driven Space-Filling Curves,” IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, vol. 27, Art. no. 2, 2021, doi: 10.1109/TVCG.2020.3030473.
  20. R. Bian et al., “Implicit Multidimensional Projection of Local Subspaces,” IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, vol. 27, Art. no. 2, 2021, doi: 10.1109/TVCG.2020.3030368.
  21. A. Kumar, P. Howlader, R. Garcia, D. Weiskopf, and K. Mueller, “Challenges in Interpretability of Neural Networks for Eye Movement Data,” in ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications, in ETRA ’20 Short Papers. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, 2020. doi: 10.1145/3379156.3391361.
  22. R. Garcia and D. Weiskopf, “Inner-Process Visualization of Hidden States in Recurrent Neural Networks,” in Proceedings of the 13th International Symposium on Visual Information Communication and Interaction, in VINCI ’20. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, 2020. doi: 10.1145/3430036.3430047.
  23. A. Kumar, D. Mohanty, K. Kurzhals, F. Beck, D. Weiskopf, and K. Mueller, “Demo of the EyeSAC System for Visual Synchronization, Cleaning, and Annotation of Eye Movement Data,” in ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications, in ETRA ’20 Adjunct. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, 2020. doi: 10.1145/3379157.3391988.
  24. D. Weiskopf, “Vis4Vis: Visualization for (Empirical) Visualization Research,” in Foundations of Data Visualization, M. Chen, H. Hauser, P. Rheingans, and G. Scheuermann, Eds., Springer International Publishing, 2020, pp. 209–224. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-34444-3_10.
  25. N. Pathmanathan et al., “Eye vs. Head: Comparing Gaze Methods for Interaction in Augmented Reality,” in Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications (ETRA), ACM, 2020, pp. 50:1–50:5. doi: 10.1145/3379156.3391829.
  26. L. Merino, M. Schwarzl, M. Kraus, M. Sedlmair, D. Schmalstieg, and D. Weiskopf, “Evaluating Mixed and Augmented Reality: A Systematic Literature Review (2009 – 2019),” in IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR), 2020. [Online]. Available: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9284762
  27. N. Rodrigues, C. Schulz, A. Lhuillier, and D. Weiskopf, “Cluster-Flow Parallel Coordinates: Tracing Clusters Across Subspaces,” in Proceedings of the Graphics Interface Conference (GI) (forthcoming), Canadian Human-Computer Communications Society / Société canadienne du dialogue humain-machine, 2020, pp. 0:1–0:11. doi: 10.20380/GI2020.38.
  28. K. Kurzhals, M. Burch, and D. Weiskopf, “What We See and What We Get from Visualization: Eye Tracking Beyond Gaze Distributions and Scanpaths,” CoRR, 2020, [Online]. Available: https://arxiv.org/abs/2009.14515
  29. S. Öney et al., “Evaluation of Gaze Depth Estimation from Eye Tracking in Augmented Reality,” in Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications-Short Paper (ETRA-SP), ACM, 2020, pp. 49:1–49:5. doi: 10.1145/3379156.3391835.
  30. L. Zhou, M. Rivinius, C. R. Johnson, and D. Weiskopf, “Photographic High-Dynamic-Range Scalar Visualization,” IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, vol. 26, Art. no. 6, 2020, doi: 10.1109/TVCG.2020.2970522.
  31. K. Kurzhals et al., “Visual Analytics and Annotation of Pervasive Eye Tracking Video,” in Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications (ETRA), ACM, 2020, pp. 16:1–16:9. doi: 10.1145/3379155.3391326.
  32. V. Bruder, K. Kurzhals, S. Frey, D. Weiskopf, and T. Ertl, “Space-Time Volume Visualization of Gaze and Stimulus,” in Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications (ETRA), K. Krejtz and B. Sharif, Eds., ACM, 2019, pp. 12:1–12:9. doi: 10.1145/3314111.3319812.
  33. N. Silva et al., “Eye Tracking Support for Visual Analytics Systems: Foundations, Current Applications, and Research Challenges,” in Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications, ACM, 2019, pp. 11:1–11:9. doi: 10.1145/3314111.3319919.
  34. R. Netzel, N. Rodrigues, A. Haug, and D. Weiskopf, “Compensation of Simultaneous Orientation Contrast in Superimposed Textures,” in Proceedings of the Conference on Computer Vision, Imaging and Computer Graphics Theory and Applications (VISIGRAPP), A. Kerren, C. Hurter, and J. Braz, Eds., SciTePress, 2019, pp. 48–57. [Online]. Available: http://www.scitepress.org/DigitalLibrary/Link.aspx?doi=10.5220/0007356800480057
  35. V. Bruder et al., “Volume-Based Large Dynamic Graph Analysis Supported by Evolution Provenance,” Multimedia Tools and Applications, vol. 78, Art. no. 23, 2019, doi: 10.1007/s11042-019-07878-6.
  36. L. Zhou, R. Netzel, D. Weiskopf, and C. R. Johnson, “Spectral Visualization Sharpening,” in Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Applied Perception (SAP), S. Neyret, E. Kokkinara, M. González-Franco, L. Hoyet, D. W. Cunningham, and J. Swidrak, Eds., ACM, 2019, pp. 18:1–18:9. doi: 10.1145/3343036.3343133.
  37. N. Rodrigues, R. Netzel, J. Spalink, and D. Weiskopf, “Multiscale Scanpath Visualization and Filtering,” in Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking and Visualization (ETVIS), L. L. Chuang, M. Burch, and K. Kurzhals, Eds., ACM, 2018, pp. 2:1–2:5. doi: 10.1145/3205929.3205931.
  38. N. Rodrigues and D. Weiskopf, “Nonlinear Dot Plots,” IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, vol. 24, Art. no. 1, 2018, doi: 10.1109/TVCG.2017.2744018.
  39. M. Behrisch et al., “Quality Metrics for Information Visualization,” Computer Graphics Forum, vol. 37, Art. no. 3, 2018, doi: 10.1111/cgf.13446.
  40. C. Schulz, A. Zeyfang, M. van Garderen, H. Ben Lahmar, M. Herschel, and D. Weiskopf, “Simultaneous Visual Analysis of Multiple Software Hierarchies,” in Proceedings of the IEEE Working Conference on Software Visualization (VISSOFT), IEEE, 2018, pp. 87–95. [Online]. Available: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8530134/
  41. N. Rodrigues, M. Burch, L. Di Silvestro, and D. Weiskopf, “A Visual Analytics Approach for Word Relevances in Multiple Texts,” in Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Visualisation (IV), IEEE, 2017, pp. 1–7. [Online]. Available: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8107940
  42. K. Kurzhals, E. Çetinkaya, Y. Hu, W. Wang, and D. Weiskopf, “Close to the Action: Eye-Tracking Evaluation of Speaker-Following Subtitles,” in Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, ACM, Ed., 2017, pp. 6559–6568. doi: 10.1145/3025453.3025772.
  43. N. Rodrigues et al., “Visualization of Time Series Data with Spatial Context: Communicating the Energy Production of Power Plants,” in Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Visual Information Communication and Interaction (VINCI), 2017, pp. 37–44. doi: 10.1145/3105971.3105982.
  44. C. Schulz, N. Rodrigues, K. Damarla, A. Henicke, and D. Weiskopf, “Visual Exploration of Mainframe Workloads,” in Proceedings of the SIGGRAPH Asia Symposium on Visualization, ACM, 2017, pp. 4:1–4:7. doi: 10.1145/3139295.3139312.
  45. K. Kurzhals, M. Stoll, A. Bruhn, and D. Weiskopf, “FlowBrush: Optical Flow Art,” in Symposium on Computational Aesthetics, Sketch-Based Interfaces and Modeling, and Non-Photorealistic Animation and Rendering (EXPRESSIVE, co-located with SIGGRAPH)., 2017, pp. 1:1–1:9. doi: 10.1145/3092912.3092914.
  46. R. Netzel, J. Vuong, U. Engelke, S. I. O’Donoghue, D. Weiskopf, and J. Heinrich, “Comparative Eye-tracking Evaluation of Scatterplots and Parallel Coordinates,” Visual Informatics, vol. 1, Art. no. 2, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.visinf.2017.11.001.
  47. R. Netzel and D. Weiskopf, “Hilbert Attention Maps for Visualizing Spatiotemporal Gaze Data,” in Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking and Visualization (ETVIS), 2016, pp. 21–25. [Online]. Available: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=7851160
  48. D. Weiskopf, M. Burch, L. L. Chuang, B. Fischer, and A. Schmidt, Eye Tracking and Visualization: Foundations, Techniques, and Applications. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2016. [Online]. Available: https://www.springer.com/de/book/9783319470238
  49. K. Kurzhals, M. Hlawatsch, M. Burch, and D. Weiskopf, “Fixation-Image Charts,” in Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications (ETRA), ACM, Ed., ACM, 2016, pp. 11–18. doi: 10.1145/2857491.2857507.
  50. M. Burch, R. Woods, R. Netzel, and D. Weiskopf, “The Challenges of Designing Metro Maps,” Proceedings of the 11th Joint Conference on Computer Vision, Imaging and Computer Graphics Theory and Applications, 2016, doi: 10.5220/0005679601950202.
  51. R. Netzel, M. Burch, and D. Weiskopf, “User Performance and Reading Strategies for Metro Maps: An Eye Tracking Study,” Special Issue on Eye Tracking for Spatial Research in Spatial Cognition and Computation: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 2016, doi: 10.1080/13875868.2016.1226839.
  52. R. Netzel, M. Burch, and D. Weiskopf, “Interactive Scanpath-Oriented Annotation of Fixations,” Proceedings of the Ninth Biennial ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications, pp. 183–187, 2016, doi: 10.1145/2857491.2857498.
  53. K. Kurzhals, M. Hlawatsch, F. Heimerl, M. Burch, T. Ertl, and D. Weiskopf, “Gaze Stripes: Image-Based Visualization of Eye Tracking Data,” IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, vol. 22, Art. no. 1, 2016, doi: 10.1109/TVCG.2015.2468091.
  54. T. Blascheck, F. Beck, S. Baltes, T. Ertl, and D. Weiskopf, “Visual analysis and coding of data-rich user behavior,” in IEEE Conference on Visual Analytics Science and Technology, IEEE, 2016, pp. 141–150. doi: 10.1109/vast.2016.7883520.
  55. K. Kurzhals, B. Fisher, M. Burch, and D. Weiskopf, “Eye Tracking Evaluation of Visual Analytics,” Information Visualization, vol. 15, Art. no. 4, 2016, doi: 10.1177/1473871615609787.
  56. A. Kumar, R. Netzel, M. Burch, D. Weiskopf, and K. Mueller, “Multi-Similarity Matrices of Eye Movement Data,” in Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking and Visualization (ETVIS), 2016, pp. 26–30. [Online]. Available: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7851161
  57. K. Kurzhals, M. Burch, T. Pfeiffer, and D. Weiskopf, “Eye Tracking in Computer-based Visualization,” Computing in Science & Engineering, vol. 17, Art. no. 5, 2015, doi: 10.1109/MCSE.2015.93.

Project Group A

Models and Measures

A01 | Uncertainty Quantification and Analysis
A03 | Quantification of Visual Explainability
A07 | Visual Attention Modeling
A08 | Learning and Explaining Dimensionality Reduction
A09 | Scalability and Complexity in Immersive Analytics

 

Completed

A02 | Quantifying Visual Computing Systems
A04 | Quantitative Models for Visual Abstraction
A05 | Visual Quality Assessment
A06 | Computational Photography

 

Project Group B

Adaptive Algorithms

B01 | Adaptive Self-Consistent Visualization
B04 | Motion Estimation
B06 | Adaptive Algorithms for Graph Views and View Transitions

 

Completed

B02 | Adaptive Network Visualization
B05 | Large Scale Variational 3D Reconstruction
B07 | Computational Uncertainty Quantification

 

Project Group C

Interaction

C01 | Evaluating Mixed Reality Experiences
C05 | Human-Machine Interaction with Adaptive Multisensory Systems
C06 | User-Adaptive Mixed Reality
C07 | Optimization for Dynamic XR User Interfaces

 

Completed

C02 | Physiologically Based Interaction
C03 | Immersive Virtual Environments
C04 | Mobile Visualization and Interaction
Quantifying interactions with adaptable multisensory systems

 

Project Group D

Applications

D02 | Visual Analytics in Linguistics
D04 | Immersive Analytics for the Life Sciences
D05 | Visual Computing for ERP-based Brain Activity

 

Completed

D01 | Modeling of 3D Virtual Cities
D03 | Exploration and Analysis of Provenance Data

 

Central Services

INF | Collaboration Infrastructure
Ö | Public Relations

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